Sejarah Singkat Timor Portugis sampai berintegrasi dengan Indonesia dengan nama Timor Timur (Timor Leste)/A Brief History of Portuguese Timor to integrate with Indonesia under the name of East Timor (Timor Leste) FOR GENERAL HISTORY
Sejarah Singkat Timor Portugis sampai berintegrasi dengan Indonesia dengan nama Timor Timur (Timor Leste)
(Sumber: Sarjono, V.1977. Kembalinya Saudara yang Hilang. Jakarta: Penerbit Sahid & Co oleh Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.)
Pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1511 Portugis berhasil menaklukan Malaka. Dengan menguasai Malaka berarti terbukalah pintu bagi Portugis untuk menduduki kepulauan Indonesia. Dari Malaka Portugis melanjutkan perjalanannya ke Maluku dan tiba di sana pada tahun 1512. Khususnya mengenai kedatanngan Portugis di Timor diperkirakan pada tahun itu juga, di bawah pimpinan nahkoda Antoni de Abreu. Kemudian menyusul Pastur Franciscan Antonio Tavares pada pertengahan abad XVI.
Sesudah pertengahan abad XVI, datanglah orang Belanda ke Indonesia yang merupakan saingan berat bagi Portugis. Maka untuk mempertahankan daerah Timor, Portugis mengangkat Simao Louis sebagai Kepala Daerah. Sebagai Kepala Daerah Timor, Simao Louis membangun benteng pertahanan di Lifau yaitu ibukota Timor Portugis yang pertama.
Pada tahun 1769 oleh Penguasa Timor Portugis pada masa itu, ibukota dipindahkan ke Dili. Dan dalam perkembangan selanjutnya yaitu pada tahun 1844 Macau di Tiongkok disatukan dengan Timor Portugis. Status pemerintahannya di samakan dengan Timor Portugis. Status Pemerintahannya disamakan dengan distrik (Kabupaten) dengan pusatnya Macau. Tetapi pada tahun 1896 Timor Portugis dipisahkan dari Macau dan dibentuk suatu pemerintahan sendiri yang setingkat dengan propinsi dengan Gubernur pertamanya Celestino da Silva.
Ketika pecah Perang Dunia Kedua, Timor juga menjadi salah satu kancah medan perang antara Jepang dan Sekutu. Akibatnya Timor menderita pula kerusakan. Sesudah perang selesai Timor dikembalikan kepada Portugis. Maka Gubernur Portugis untuk Timor Portugis mulai membangun Timor. Pembangunan kembali Timor demi penjajahan Portugis itu dimulai tahun 1954.
Perkembangan suatu negeri berjalan terus, adakalanya naik ada kalanya turun. Demikian pula Negara Portugal. Tahun 1975 Jenderal Espinola menjadi Presiden Portugal. Kebijaksanaan pemerintahnya terhadap Timor Portugis adalah membebaskan para tahanan politik dan memperkenankan berdirinya partai politik. Timbullah partai-partai politik di Timor Portugis seperti: UDT (Union Democracio de Timor), Fretelin dan Apodeti. Masing-masing partai memiliki pandangan politik yang berbeda yaitu sebagai berikut:
1) UDT (Union Democracio de Timor)
a) Pendirinya Ir. Mario Carascalau (Kepala Jawatan Pertanian dan Kehutanan pada masa penjajahan Portugis). Tokoh lainnya adalah Lopezda Cruz.
b) Pengikutnya kebanyakan dari golongan atasan dan kulit putih pemilik perkebunan atau pegawai perkebunan, termasuk pegawai perkebunan orang Timor sendiri.
c) Jumlah pengikutnya semula 30% dari jumlah penduduk tetapi dengan adanya pergolakan pengikutnya meningkat menjadi 35%.
2) Apodeti
a) Pendiri / pemimpinnya adalah Arnaldo dos Reis de Araujo.
b) Pengikutnya terdiri atas raja-raja, pegawai pemerintah dan rakyat yang social ekonominya lemah.
c) Pandangan politiknya: Integrasi Timor dengan Indonesia.
d) Jumlah pengikutnya semula sebanyak 25% dari jumlah penduduk tetapi dengan adanya perkembangan politik, meningkat menjadi 55%.
3) Fretelin
a) Pendirinya pemimpinnya bernama Francisco Xavier de Amaral.
b) Pengikutnya kebanyakan terdiri dari golongan Indo Portugis, Cina dan Arab.
c) Pandangan politiknya: Kemerdekaan penuh Timor dengan berorientasi Komunis.
d) Jumlah pengikutnya semula 15% kemudian menjadi 40%.
Ketika itu, timbul pergolakan politik di Politik di Portugal. Keadaan ini membawa pengaruh terhadap gerak politik di Timor Portugis. Partai UDT (Union Democracio de Timor) segera mengadakan penilaian keadaan. UDT (Union Democracio de Timor) berpendapat bahwa pemerintah Portugis di Timor hanya memberikan bantuan kepada Fretelin saja. UDT (Union Democracio de Timor) dan Apodeti tidak diperhatikan. Karena itu pada tanggal 11 Agustus 1975 UDT (Union Democracio de Timor) mengadakan coup de tat terhadap pemerintah Portugis.
Akan tetapi partai Fretelin tidak tinggal diam. Seminggu kemudian tepatnya tanggal 19 Agustus 1975 Fretelin melancarkan pula kontra coup terhadap pemerintah UDT (Union Democracio de Timor). Pemerintah baru dibentuk di bawah pimpinan Francisco de Amaral dan melakukan tekanan terhadap UDT (Union Democracio de Timor) dan Apodeti. Di lain pihak terdapat segolongan rakyat yang mengetahui bahwa fretelin merupakan boneka Portugis yang beraliran komunis. Maka mereka membentuk partai baru di Timor. Muncullah dua partai baru yaitu partai KOTA yang anggotanya terdiri dari kaum bangsawan dan partai Tabralista yang anggotanya kebanyakan dari kaum buruh. Mereka bersatu dengan partai UDT (Union Democracio de Timor) dan Apodeti membentuk satu front untuk melawan komunis.
Gerakan ini disebut Movmento. Dalam gerakan melawan Fretelin yang beraliran Komunis, ternyata Movmento kewalahan. Bahkan akhirnya menyingkir ke perbatasan Indonesia. Di kota Balibo keempat partai tadi bergabung menjadi satu dan menyatakan diri berintegrasi dengan Indonesia. Sebagai realisasi dan pernyataan integrasi itu, maka wakil keempat tadi menanda tangani suatu perjanjian dengan wakil-wakil Pemerintaha Indonesia di Balibo pada bulan Oktober 1975.
Atas dasar perjanjian itu, Pemerintah Indonesia mengirimkan Sukarelawan Indonesia memasuki Timor Portugis. Bersama Sukarelawan Indonesia, pasukan gabungan UDT (Union Democracio de Timor), KOTA, Tabralista dan Apodeti berusaha merebut kembali Timor Timur. Pasukan gabungan ini berhasil menguasai kembali Timor Timur. Kota demi kota di Timor Portugis dapat dibebaskan kembali dari cengkraman Fretelin. Dengan dibebaskan kota Dili pada tanggal 7 Desember 1975 yang merupakan ibukota Timor Timur, maka pada tanggal 27 Desember 1975 dibentuklah Pemerintahan Sementara Timor Timur (PSTT).
Perkembangan politik di Timor Timur berjalan demikian cepatnya sehingga akhirnya Fretelin terdesak ke gunung dan merupakan gerombolan bersenjata. Di pihak lain, Pemerintahan Sementara Timor Timur (PSTT) dengan cepat pula berhasil membentuk pemerintah di tiap Kabupaten yang telah di bebaskan. Pada bulan Juni 1976 Wakil-wakil Rakyat dan Pemerintah Timor Timur mengadakan sidang di Dili yang mengambil keputusan untuk berintegrasi dengan Indonesia. Pernyataan ini oleh Pemerintahan Sementara Timor Timur (PSTT) disampaikan kepada Pemerintah Indonesia di Jakarta. Oleh pemerintah Indonesia- Pemerintahan Sementara Timor Timur (PSTT) tersebut dengan tulus hati dan kemudian diteruskan kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia untuk mendapatkan pengesahan. Dalam rapatnya pada bulan Juli 1976 Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia menerima baik permintaan rakyat Timor Timur itu. Dan pada tanggal 3 Agustus 1976 Timor Timur diresmikan oleh Pemerintah Republik Indonesia menjadi Provinsi ke 27.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english):
A Brief History of Portuguese Timor to integrate with Indonesia under the name of East Timor (Timor Leste)
(Source: Sarjono, V.1977. Brothers Return of the Prodigal. Jakarta: Publisher Sahid & Co by the Ministry of Education and Culture.)
On August 15 1511 the Portuguese conquered Malacca. By controlling the means of Malacca opened the door for the Portuguese to occupy the islands of Indonesia. From Malacca Portuguese continued his journey to the Moluccas and arrived there in 1512. Particularly on Portuguese Timor kedatanngan estimated that year, under the leadership of captain Antoni de Abreu. Then followed the Franciscan Father Antonio Tavares in the mid-sixteenth century.
After the mid-sixteenth century, the Dutch came to Indonesia, which is a tough competitor for the Portuguese. So to defend the East, the Portuguese raised Simao Louis as Regional Head. As Regional Head East, Louis Simao Lifau build defenses in the capital of the former Portuguese Timor.
Ruler in 1769 by Portuguese Timor at that time, the capital was moved to Dili. And in a further development, namely in 1844 Macau in China together with Portuguese Timor. Status match the government in Portuguese Timor. Status reign equated with the district (District) with the central Macau. But in 1896 the Portuguese Timor separated from Macau and formed a self-governing province of the same level as the first Governor Celestino da Silva.
When the Second World War, East is also one battle scene between Japan and the Allies. Consequently Timor suffered the damage. After the war returned to Portuguese Timor. Then Governor of Portuguese Timor Portuguese Timor began to build.Rebuilding Timor after the Portuguese colonization began in 1954.
The development of a country walk on, sometimes up, sometimes down. Similarly Country Portugal. In 1975 General Espinola become President of Portugal. Wisdom East Portuguese government to release political prisoners and to allow the establishment of political parties. Political parties arose in Portuguese Timor as: UDT (Democracio Union de Timor), Fretilin and Apodeti. Each party has a different political views are as follows:
1) UDT (Democracio Union de Timor)
a) The founder Ir. Mario Carascalau (Chief of Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry in the Portuguese colonial period). Other figures are Lopezda Cruz.
b) His followers were mostly from the upper class and white planter or plantation employees, including employees of the Timorese themselves estate.
c) The number of followers initially 30% of the population but the upheaval followers increased to 35%.
2) Apodeti
a) founder / leader is Arnaldo dos Reis de Araujo.
b) His followers made up of kings, government officials and people of the social economy is weak.
c) political views: Integration of Timor into Indonesia.
d) The number of followers initially as much as 25% of the population, but with the political developments, increased to 55%.
3) Fretilin
a) founder leader named Francisco Xavier de Amaral.
b) His followers were mostly composed of Indo Portuguese, Chinese and Arabic.
c) political views: full independence of Timor with the Communist-oriented.
d) The number of followers initially 15% and then to 40%.
At that time, the political upheaval arising in Politics in Portugal.This situation affected the political movement in Portuguese Timor. UDT Party (Union Democracio de Timor) immediately undertake an assessment of the situation. UDT (Democracio Union de Timor) argues that the Portuguese government in Timor only provide assistance to Fretilin only. UDT (Democracio Union de Timor) and Apodeti unnoticed. Because it was on August 11, 1975 UDT (Democracio Union de Timor) held a coup de tat against the Portuguese government.
However, Fretilin party is not standing still. A week later, exactly on August 19, 1975 Fretilin also launched a counter-coup against the government of UDT (Democracio Union de Timor). The new government was formed under the leadership of Francisco de Amaral and put pressure on the UDT (Democracio Union de Timor) and Apodeti. On the other hand, there is a class of people who know that Fretilin is a Portuguese puppet communist wing.So they formed a new party in the East. Two new parties emerged, namely the KOTA whose members consist of the nobility and Tabralista party whose members most of the workers. They united with the UDT party (Union Democracio de Timor) and Apodeti form a united front to fight the communists.
This movement is called Movmento. In the Fretilin movement against the Communist wing, apparently overwhelmed Movmento. Even finally retreated to the Indonesian border. In the town of Balibo four parties had joined together and declared themselves to integrate with Indonesia. As the realization and integration of the statement, then the last four representatives signed an agreement with representatives Pemerintaha Indonesia in Balibo in October 1975.
On the basis of the agreement, the Government of Indonesia Indonesia sends volunteers into Portuguese Timor. Together Volunteer Indonesia, the joint forces UDT (Democracio Union de Timor), KOTA, Tabralista and Apodeti tried to retake East Timor.The joint forces managed to take control of East Timor. Town after town in Portuguese Timor could be released back from the grip of Fretilin. With the city of Dili was released on December 7, 1975 which was the capital of East Timor, then on December 27, 1975 formed the Provisional Government of East Timor (PGET).
Political developments in East Timor goes so fast that Fretilin finally pushed into the mountains and is armed gangs. On the other hand, the Provisional Government of East Timor (PSTT) and quickly succeeded in forming a government in each district who have been released. In June 1976 representatives of the People and Government of East Timor held a hearing in Dili that decision for integration with Indonesia. This statement by the Provisional Government of East Timor (PSTT) is submitted to the Government of Indonesia in Jakarta. By Indonesia-The Provisional Government of East Timor (PGET) by heart, and then passed to the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia to get approval. In its meeting in July 1976 the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia accepted the demand of the people of East Timor. And on August 3, 1976 in East Timor by the Indonesian government launched a province to 27.
(Source: Sarjono, V.1977. Brothers Return of the Prodigal. Jakarta: Publisher Sahid & Co by the Ministry of Education and Culture.)
On August 15 1511 the Portuguese conquered Malacca. By controlling the means of Malacca opened the door for the Portuguese to occupy the islands of Indonesia. From Malacca Portuguese continued his journey to the Moluccas and arrived there in 1512. Particularly on Portuguese Timor kedatanngan estimated that year, under the leadership of captain Antoni de Abreu. Then followed the Franciscan Father Antonio Tavares in the mid-sixteenth century.
After the mid-sixteenth century, the Dutch came to Indonesia, which is a tough competitor for the Portuguese. So to defend the East, the Portuguese raised Simao Louis as Regional Head. As Regional Head East, Louis Simao Lifau build defenses in the capital of the former Portuguese Timor.
Ruler in 1769 by Portuguese Timor at that time, the capital was moved to Dili. And in a further development, namely in 1844 Macau in China together with Portuguese Timor. Status match the government in Portuguese Timor. Status reign equated with the district (District) with the central Macau. But in 1896 the Portuguese Timor separated from Macau and formed a self-governing province of the same level as the first Governor Celestino da Silva.
When the Second World War, East is also one battle scene between Japan and the Allies. Consequently Timor suffered the damage. After the war returned to Portuguese Timor. Then Governor of Portuguese Timor Portuguese Timor began to build.Rebuilding Timor after the Portuguese colonization began in 1954.
The development of a country walk on, sometimes up, sometimes down. Similarly Country Portugal. In 1975 General Espinola become President of Portugal. Wisdom East Portuguese government to release political prisoners and to allow the establishment of political parties. Political parties arose in Portuguese Timor as: UDT (Democracio Union de Timor), Fretilin and Apodeti. Each party has a different political views are as follows:
1) UDT (Democracio Union de Timor)
a) The founder Ir. Mario Carascalau (Chief of Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry in the Portuguese colonial period). Other figures are Lopezda Cruz.
b) His followers were mostly from the upper class and white planter or plantation employees, including employees of the Timorese themselves estate.
c) The number of followers initially 30% of the population but the upheaval followers increased to 35%.
2) Apodeti
a) founder / leader is Arnaldo dos Reis de Araujo.
b) His followers made up of kings, government officials and people of the social economy is weak.
c) political views: Integration of Timor into Indonesia.
d) The number of followers initially as much as 25% of the population, but with the political developments, increased to 55%.
3) Fretilin
a) founder leader named Francisco Xavier de Amaral.
b) His followers were mostly composed of Indo Portuguese, Chinese and Arabic.
c) political views: full independence of Timor with the Communist-oriented.
d) The number of followers initially 15% and then to 40%.
At that time, the political upheaval arising in Politics in Portugal.This situation affected the political movement in Portuguese Timor. UDT Party (Union Democracio de Timor) immediately undertake an assessment of the situation. UDT (Democracio Union de Timor) argues that the Portuguese government in Timor only provide assistance to Fretilin only. UDT (Democracio Union de Timor) and Apodeti unnoticed. Because it was on August 11, 1975 UDT (Democracio Union de Timor) held a coup de tat against the Portuguese government.
However, Fretilin party is not standing still. A week later, exactly on August 19, 1975 Fretilin also launched a counter-coup against the government of UDT (Democracio Union de Timor). The new government was formed under the leadership of Francisco de Amaral and put pressure on the UDT (Democracio Union de Timor) and Apodeti. On the other hand, there is a class of people who know that Fretilin is a Portuguese puppet communist wing.So they formed a new party in the East. Two new parties emerged, namely the KOTA whose members consist of the nobility and Tabralista party whose members most of the workers. They united with the UDT party (Union Democracio de Timor) and Apodeti form a united front to fight the communists.
This movement is called Movmento. In the Fretilin movement against the Communist wing, apparently overwhelmed Movmento. Even finally retreated to the Indonesian border. In the town of Balibo four parties had joined together and declared themselves to integrate with Indonesia. As the realization and integration of the statement, then the last four representatives signed an agreement with representatives Pemerintaha Indonesia in Balibo in October 1975.
On the basis of the agreement, the Government of Indonesia Indonesia sends volunteers into Portuguese Timor. Together Volunteer Indonesia, the joint forces UDT (Democracio Union de Timor), KOTA, Tabralista and Apodeti tried to retake East Timor.The joint forces managed to take control of East Timor. Town after town in Portuguese Timor could be released back from the grip of Fretilin. With the city of Dili was released on December 7, 1975 which was the capital of East Timor, then on December 27, 1975 formed the Provisional Government of East Timor (PGET).
Political developments in East Timor goes so fast that Fretilin finally pushed into the mountains and is armed gangs. On the other hand, the Provisional Government of East Timor (PSTT) and quickly succeeded in forming a government in each district who have been released. In June 1976 representatives of the People and Government of East Timor held a hearing in Dili that decision for integration with Indonesia. This statement by the Provisional Government of East Timor (PSTT) is submitted to the Government of Indonesia in Jakarta. By Indonesia-The Provisional Government of East Timor (PGET) by heart, and then passed to the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia to get approval. In its meeting in July 1976 the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia accepted the demand of the people of East Timor. And on August 3, 1976 in East Timor by the Indonesian government launched a province to 27.
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