Asia Setelah Perang Dunia Kedua sampai tahun 1964/Asia After the Second World War until 1964 FOR GENERAL HISTORY
Asia Setelah Perang Dunia Kedua sampai tahun 1964
(Sumber: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia Ditengah-tengah Dunia dari Abad keabad. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. (perubahan: Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan/EYD))
Bilamana wajah benua Eropa mengalami banyak perubahan karena Perang Dunia Kedua, di Asia perubahan itu jauh lebih hebat lagi. Di Asia sebagai akibat dari Perang Dunia Kedua itu timbul berbagai Negara baru yang berhasil melepaskan diri dari belenggu penjajahan dan menjadi Negara merdeka dan berdaulat.
Canang pertama dipukul oleh Indonesia. Hanya 3 hari setelah Jepang bertekuk lutut tanpa syarat, bangsa Indonesia telah memproklamasikan kemerdekaannya dan membentuk Negara Republik Indonesia.
Vietnam segera menyusul dan pada tanggal 2 September 1945 mendirikan Republik Vietnam dibawah Presiden Ho Chi Minh yang sifatnya pro komunis.
Negara bekas jajahan lain yang merdeka pula: Filipina (4 Juli 1946), India dan Pakistan masing-masing pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1947; Birma (4 Januari 1948); dan Sailan atau Srilangka (4 Februari 1948).
Vietnam
Republic Vietnam di bawah Ho Chi Minh tidak mendapat persetujuan dari bekas jajahannya: Perancis. Untuk mengimbanginya maka Perancis membantu berdirinya Negara Vietnam bagian Selatan di bawah Raja Bao Dai. Perang saudara yang berlarut dibantu oleh Perancis dan Amerika Serikat dengan Vietnam Utara yang dikuasai oleh Ho Chi Minh dan mendapat bantuan dari Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Bao Dai yang hidupnya hanya berfoya saja di Eropa dan hampir tidak pernah datang di Vietnam, pada tahun 1955 dipecat oleh rakyatnya. Kekuasaan pemerintahan jatuh dalam Ngo Dinh Diem yang kemudian mendirikan Republik Vietnam dengan ibukota Saigon dan dengan dia sendiri sebagai Presiden. Sebelum itu bangsa Perancis telah dapat diusir seluruhnya dari Vietnam, setelah benteng mereka terakhir, Dien bien phu jatuh. Semenjak itu Vietnam pecah menjadi dua: Republik Demokrat Vietnam di utara dibawah Ho Chi Minh dengan ibukota Hanoi; dan Republik Vietnam di selatan di bawah Ngo Dinh Diem. Ngo Dhinh Diem memegang kekuasaan pemerintahan 8 tahun lamanya. Sayingnya, pemerintahnya merupakan suatu oligarkhi: ia mengangkat adiknya, isteri adiknya dan anggota keluarganya lain dalam kedudukan yang penting. Lagi pula ia melakukan penindasan terhadap golongan yang beragama Buddha, hal mana menimbulkan kerusuhan dimana-mana, teristimewa karena berkali pendeta Buddhis terkemuka melakukan pembakaran diri sampai hangus di muka umum: suatu manifestasi perlawanan pasif yang menggetarkan segenap umat manusia di seluruh dunia.
Akhirnya pada akhir tahun 1963 timbul pemberontakan; kekuasaan pemerintah direbut kaum militer; Ngo Dinh Diem dan adiknya, Ngo Dinh Nu, tertangkap dan dibunuh (November 1963). Sementara itu timbul suatu gerakan rakyat yang revolusioner, kaum Viet Cong, yang melakukan pemerontakan bersenjata terhadap pemerintahan Vietnam Selatan dan bercita hendak mempersatukan kembali Vietnam Selatan dengan Vietnam Utara.
Filipina
Bangsa Filipina mendapat kemerdekaannya dengan jalan yang lain sekali, sebab penjajahan Amerika Serikat atas Filipina lain sekali sifatnya daripada penjajahan Belanda atas Indonesia atau Perancis atas Indo China. Meskipun baru pada tahun 1898, Filipina jatuh ditangan Amerika Serikat, namun pada tahun 1916 dengan Jones Act kepada Filipina telah dijanjikan kemerdekaan penuh di hari kemudian. Pada tahun 1937 kemerdekaan itu praktis telah menjadi kenyataan dengan berdirinya Pemerintahan Commonwealth dengan Manuel Quezon sebagai Presiden. Kemerdekaan penuh dijanjikan akan diberikan pada tahun 1946. Janji itu ditepati, sungguhpun Perang Dunia Kedua dan Perang Asia Timur Raya baru saja selesai.
Pada tanggal 4 Juli 1946, dibentuklah Republik Filipina dengan Roxas sebagai presiden pertama. Setelah Roxas meninggal, ia diganti oleh Quirino. Pada tahun 1953 terpilihlah Magsaysay sebagai presiden. Sebagai bekas pemimpin gerilya pada jaman pendudukan Jepang ia sangat popular. Sayangnya, ia meninggal dalam suatu kecelakaan pesawat terbang. Ia diganti oleh Garcia. Sejak tahun 1962 yang menjadi Presiden ialah Macapagal.
Masalah Filipina terbesar pada masa sesudah Perang ialah korupsi di kalangan pembesar pemerintahan yang merajalela dan gangguan keamanan dari piihak gerombolan Hukbalahap. Gerombolan Hukbalahap (atau disingkat; kaum “Huk”) adalah suatu golongan bekas pejuang yang pada masa penduduk Jepang mengadakan perlawanan gerilya terhadap Jepang dan beraliran komunis. Sehabis perang, mereka menuntut pembagian kembali hak milik tanah (“land reform”). Tuntutan mereka sangat luas, sehingga tidak dapat disetujui oleh pemerintah. Kaum Huk mengadakan perlawanan bersenjata berlarut dan bertahun lamanya terhadap Pemerintah Republik Filipina. Baru presiden Magsaysay berhasil menundukkan kaum Huk itu.
India
India dan Pakistan juga memperoleh kemerdekaannya denga persetujuan bekas penjajahannya Inggris.
India yang mendapat kemerdekaannya pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1947 pada tanggal 26 Januari 1950 memilih bentuk “republic” dan memilih Rajendra Prasad sebagai Presidennya yang pertama.
Pakistan
Sebagai akibat pecahnya sub benua India menjadi Negara India dan Negara Pakistan, maka terjadi suatu migrasi (perpindahan bangsa) besar-besaran. Berjuta penduduk dari wilayah India yang beragama Islam pindah ke Pakistan dan sebaliknya berjuta orang Hindu dari wilayah Pakistan mengalir pindah ke wilayah India. Untung, kegentingan yang timbul karena masalah “minority” di wilayah masing-masing dapat diatasi oleh Perdana Menteri India Jawaharlal Nehru dan Perdana Menteri Pakistan dengan mengadakan persetujuan Pakta Delhi pada tahun 1950. Tetapi masalah yang paling rumit antara India dan Pakistan ialah mengenai daerah Kashmir. Masalah ini sudah ke sidang Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa. Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa juga telah mengirimkan suatu panitia khusus, tetapi sampai sekarang tidak tercapai suatu penjelasan yang dapat memuaskan ke dua belah pihak.
Pakistan juga mendapat kemerdekaannya pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1947. Sebagai gubernur Jenderal Pakistan pertama diangkat “Quaid I Azam” (Pemimpin besar) Mohammad Ali Jinnah “Bapak Pakistam”. Tetapi kira-kira setahun kemudian, 11 September 1948 Jinnah meninggal, dan diganti oleh Kwaja Nazimuddin. Juga Pakistan kemudian memilih bentuk “republic” dengan Presiden Mirza Khan: Republik Islam Pakistan. Tetapi di Pakistan korupsi merajalela di kalangan pembesar pemerintahan. Akhirnya terjadi coup. Kekuasaan pemerintah direbut oleh Jenderal Ayub Khan, yang menjadi Presiden pada tahun 1958. Bentuk negarapun diubah tidak lagi “Republik Islam Pakistan” melainkan “Republik Pakistan”. Presiden Ayub Khan bekerja keras. Korupsi dan kemewahan di kalangan para pembesar diberantas dan usaha pembangunan dilakukan dengan giat.
Birma
Birma pada permulaan tahun 1947 mengadakan suatu persetujuan dengan Inggris kemudian dapat dibentuk suatu pemerintahan sementara dibawah pimpinan Perdana Menteri Aung Sam tetapi pada pertengahan tahun 1947 itu juga Aung San dan beberapa menteri lain jatuh sebagai korban pembunuhan.
Pada tanggal 4 Januari 1948 terbentuk Republik Uni Birma, tetapi pemerintah mendapat tantangan keras dari golongan komunis dan golongan agama yang fanatic. Pemberontakn berkecamuk di mana, keadaan pemerintah sangat payah. Akhirnya U Nu tampil kemuka sebagai Perdana Menteri. Pemberontakan yang paling berbahaya ialah dari pihak suku bangsa Karen yang mendirikan :Negara sendiri” di daerah Karen.
U Nu berangsur berhasil menguasai keadaan. Tetapi keadaan di Birma tetapi tidak memuaskan. Akhirnya kekuasaan jatuh ditangan Jenderal Ne Win.
Srilangka (Sailan)
Sailan atau Srilangka pun mendapat kemerdekaan menjadi dominion pada tanggal 4 Februari 1948. Pada akhir tahun 1954 Srilangka ikut dalam Konferensi Panca Negara yang diadakan di Bofor, Indonesia, bersama India, Pakistan dan Birma. Lima Negara itu kemudian menjadi pengundang Konferensi Asia Afrika yang diadakan di Bandung pada bulan April 1955. Suatu keistimewaan di Srilangka dewasa ini ialah bahwa sejak tahun 1960 pimpinan pemerintah dipegang oleh seorang wanita, nyonya Bandaranaike pada tahun 1960 oleh Partai Rakyat Srilangka di pilih menjadi Perdana Menteri, menggantikan suaminya yang jatuh sebagai korban pembunuhan pada tahun 1959.
Muangthai (Siam)
Siam atau Muangthai tidak pernah menjadi Negara jajahan. Pada masa Perang Asia Timur Raya, Muangthai diduduki oleh Jepang dan dipaksa untuk ikut perang pada pihak Jepang. Raja Ananda Mahidol dibunuh pada pertengahan tahun 1947. Pada akhir tahun itu Marsekal Luang Pibul Songgram mengadakan kudeta (coup d’etat: perebutan kekuasaan pemerintahan) dan menjatuhkan pemerintah. Ia menjadi perdana menteri dan berkuasa sampai ia dijatuhkan dari kekuasaan pada tahun 1960.
Kamboja
Kamboja bekas jajahan Perancis, pada tahun 1947 kembali menjadi kerajaan merdeka dengan Pangeran Norodom Sihanouk sebagai rajanya. Pada tahun 1955 ia mengundurkan diri dasn menyerahkan mahkota kerajaan kepada ayahnya, Raja Norodom Suramarit tetapi beberapa tahun kemudian Suramarit ini meninggal. Dan kembali pimpinan pemerintahan dipegang oleh Norodom Sihanouk. Pangeran Norodom Sihanouk beserta permaisurinya pada tahun 1963 berkunjung ke Indonesia.
Laos
Laos juga bekas jajahan Perancis yang letaknya berbatasan dengan Muang Thai, juga menjadi Negara merdeka setelah Perang Dunia Kedua. Tetapi keadaan di Laos jauh lebih sulit dan sangat eksplosif. Tiga aliran saling berebut kekuasaan. Situasi dalam negeri makin gawat karena campur tangan Negara asing. Ada aliran kiri, terdiri kaum Pathet Lao, dipimpin oleh Pangeran Souvana Phong, mendapat bantuan dari Vietnam Utara dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Aliran kanan dipimpin oleh Pangeran Boun Oum dan Jenderal Poumi Nosavan, mendapat bantuan dari Amerika Serikat. Dan tengah-tengah berdiri golongan “netralis” dipimpin Pangeran Souvana Phouma. Bertahun lamanya golongan “netralis” ini dapat menguasai keadaan, karena disegani, baik oleh kiri maupun kanan, tetapi antara kaum kanan dan kaum kiri pertempuran berkobar terus menerus. Kaum Pathet Lao yang bertempur dengan semangat menyala, akhirnya berhasil menghalaukan tentara Jenderal Poumi Nosavan hingga masuk ke dalam wilayah Muang Thai. Setelah mendapat kemenangan gemilang itu, kaum Pathet Lao mulai menyerang juga kaum “netralis”. Sementara itu makin banyak juga bantuan yang diberikan oleh Amerika Serikat mengalir ke Laos untuk membendung arus pasang kaum Pathet Lao sehingga situasi makin gawat dan membahayakan bagi perdamaian dunia.
Tiongkok
Tiongkok timbul pada akhir Perang Asia Timur Raya sebagai Negara besar. Sebagai salah satu dari “Big Five” ia menjadi anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa dan mempunyai hak veto. Yang dimaksudkan dengan “Tiongkok” waktu itu ialah Tiongkok Nasionalis dibawah Presiden Ciang Kai-shek.
Sementara itu Tentara Merah dibawah Mao Zedong makin kuat. Penyerahan Jepang memberi kesempatan kepada Tentara Merah untuk menguasai sebagian besar Tiongkok Utara. Perundingan antara kaum nasionalis dan kaum komunis tidak memberikan hasil dan perang saudara berkobar lagi dengan dahsyatnya. Percobaan Jenderal George Marshall dari Amerika Serikat untuk mendamaikan kedua belah pihak tidak berhasil. Tentara Komunis bertempur dengan semangat berapi, sedang dalam tentara Ciang Kai-shek korupsi merajalela. Tentara Ciang Kai-shek persenjataan jauh lebih sempurna berkat bantuan yang terus menerus di berikan oleh Amerika Serikat. Tetapi keunggulan persenjataan itu sia-sia saja. Jenderal tentara nasionalis yang lemah dan korup menyerahkan atau menjual senjatanya kepada tentara Komunis.
Pada tahun 1949 tentara Ciang Kai-shek seluruhnya dihalaukan dari Tiongkok daratan dan ditarik mundur ke Pulau Taiwan. Pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1949 Republik Rakyat Tiongkok di proklamasikan di Peking. Hari tanggal 1 Oktober itu menjadi Hari Nasional Tiongkok baru menggantikan Hari Wuchang (10 Oktober) pemerintahan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok segera diakui oleh Uni Soviet dan Negara komunis lainnya. Beberapa Negara non komunis juga mulai mengakuinya seperti Birma, India, dan lainnya. Negara kita juga mengakui Republik Rakyat Tiongkok maka dengan sendirinya memutuskan segala perhubungan pemerintah Ciang Kai-shek di Taiwan.
Di bawah pimpinan Presiden Mao Zedong dan Perdana Menteri Chou En-lai, Republik Rakyat Tiongkok menempuh jalan maju dengan pesat. Tiongkok kembali menjadi Negara besar yang terpandang di mata dunia teristimewa dalam lapangan militer.
Jepang
Jepang adalah salah satu Negara yang kalah perang dalam Perang Dunia Kedua dan Perang Asia Timur Raya. Sebagai akibat dari kekalahan itu Jepang harus mengalami berbagai penghinaan. Wilayahnya dikembalikan kepada batasnya semula. Kepulauan Kuril dan Sakhalin Selatan harus diserahkan kepada Uni Soviet. Manchuria harus dikembalikan kembali kepada Tiongkok. Korea dan Taiwan harus dilepaskan. Dengan demikian tapal batas wilayah Kerajaan Jepang kembali seperti pada tahun 1867, yakni hanya meliputi Hokkaido, Honsu, Shikoku dan Kyushu. Padahal Jepang telah mempunyai penduduk 90 juta orang dibandingkan dengan 30 juta pada tahun 1867.
Persetujuan penyerahan Jepang tanpa syarat ditandatangani di atas kapal perang Amerika, Missouri pada tanggal 2 September 1945 oleh Jenderal Besar Douglas Mac Arthur. Sebagai akibat dari penyerahan tanpa syarat itu Jepang akan diperintah oleh suatu Tentara Pendudukan Sekutu yang ditempatkan di atas pemerintahan di Jepang dan pembesar yang bertanggung jawab pada masa perang akan ditangkap dan diadili sebagai “war criminals” (penjahat perang). Sebagai Panglima Tertinggi Tentara Pendudukan Sekutu itu diangkat Jenderal Mac Arthur. Mac Arthur praktis memerintah dengan mutlak; seluruh pemerintahan Jepang, termasuk Tenno Heika, ditempatkan dibawah perintahnya. Tetapi dengan makin meruncingnya antara Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet maka Amerika Serikat makin condong untuk mengadakan persekutuan dengan Jepang dan menjadikan Jepang suatu pangkalan kuat untuk pertahanan Amerika Serikat. Maka segala bantuan diberikan oleh Amerika Serikat untuk membangun kembali perekonomian dan industry Jepang. Berkat bantuan Amerika Serikat itu maka Jepang mengalami kemajuan demikian pesatnya, hingga dewasa ini tingkat kehidupan rakyatnya lebih maju dan makmur daripada sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua.
Korea
Korea adalah jajahan Jepang sebelum Perang Asia Timur Raya. Sesudah perang, Jepang harus melepaskannya. Beberapa hari sebelum Jepang menyerah. Korea diserbu oleh tentara Sekutu: tentara Uni Soviet masuk dari utara dan tentara Amerika Serikat masuk dari selatan. Sehingga pada akhir perang, Korea pecah menjadi dua: Korea Utara dikuasai oleh Uni Soviet dan Korea Selatan di bawah pengaruh Amerika Serikat. Tapal batasnya ialah garis lintang 38 derajat.
Oleh sebab tidak dapt tercapai kata sepakat untuk mempersatukan Korea maka di Korea Selatan dibentuk Negara Republik Korea dengan Dr Syngman Rhee sebagai presiden (Agustus 1948). Untuk mengimbanginya di Korea Utara pada bulan September didirikan Republik Demokrasi Rakyat; sebagai presiden dipilih Kim Il Sung, seorang pemimpin komunis terkemuka.
Pada tanggal 25 Juni 1950 pecahlah Perang Korea (1950-1953). Tentara Korea Utara melintasi garis lintang 38 derajat dan membanjiri wilayah Korea Selatan. Dalam waktu dua bulan hampir seluruh wilayah Korea Selatan diduduki oleh tentara Korea Utara, kecuali pelabuhan Pusan di sebelah tenggara.
Pada saat itu Amerika Serikat memutuskan untuk memberikan bantuan kepada Korea Selatan. Di bawah pimpinan Jenderal Mac Arthur tentara Amerika Serikat mendarat di Inchon dan mengadakan serangan balasan. Tentara Korea Utara dipukul mundur, tentara Mac Arthur melintasi garis lintang 38 derajat, menyerbu ke utara dan dengan cepat menuju ke Sungai Yalu di tapal batas Manchuria.
Pada saat genting bagi Korea Utara itu, Republik Rakyat Tiongkok ikut campur. Puluhan ribu tentara Republik Rakyat Tiongkok menyerbu di Korea Utara dan memukul tentara Mac Arthur kembali ke daerah sekitar garis lintang 38 derajat.
Keadaan menjadi genting sekali. Orang sangat khawatir akan meledaknya Perang Dunia Ketiga. Pertentangan pendirian yang timbul antara Jenderal Mac Arthur dan Presiden Truman mengakibatkan Mac Arthur dipecat dari kedudukannya sebagai Panglima Tertinggi di Tokyo dan Korea.
Jenderal Eisenhouwer yang pada tahun 1952 dipilih menjadi Presiden Amerika Serikat dengan tegas menghendaki perdamaian di Korea. Pada tanggal 27 Juli 1953 tercapailah genjatan senjata. Korea tetap terbelah dua: Republik Demokrasi Rakyat Korea yang komunis di utara dan Republik Korea yang liberal demokratis di selatan. Bagi rakyat Korea sebagai ke seluruhan keadaan demikian sangat merugikan karena bagian Utara adalah daerah Industri dan bagian selatan adalah daerah pertanian sehingga kedua bagian itu bilamana tergabung sifatnya komplementer: yang satu melengkapi yang lain.
Pemerintahan Syngman Rhee ternyata korup dan “nepotistic” (membagi rejeki dan kedudukan penting kepada sanak keluarga dan kawan sendiri) sama seperti pemerintahan Ciang Kai-shek. Sungguh pun begitu, Rhee dapat bertahan dalam kedudukannya 12 tahun lamanya. Pada akhir tahun 1960 terjadi “coup”: Rhee harus melarikan diri ke Amerika Serikat. Sementara kekuasaan pemerintah di Korea Selatan jatuh ditangan kaum militer.
Asia After the Second World War until 1964
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
When the face of the European continent through many changes since the Second World War, in Asia the change was far greater. In Asia as a result of the Second World War it raised many new State managed to break away from the shackles of colonialism and became a sovereign and independent State.
Canang first hit by Indonesia. Only 3 days after Japan capitulated unconditionally, Indonesia had proclaimed independence and established the Republic of Indonesia.
Vietnam soon followed and on 2 September 1945 established the Republic of Vietnam under President Ho Chi Minh that are pro-communist.
The former colonies were free anyway: Philippines (July 4, 1946), India and Pakistan respectively on August 15, 1947; Burma (January 4, 1948), and Ceylon or Sri Lanka (February 4, 1948).
Vietnam
Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh did not get approval from the former colonies: French. To counterbalance the French helped the establishment of the State under the South Vietnamese King Bao Dai. Protracted civil war supported by France and the United States with North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh and got help from the People's Republic of China. Bao Dai who lives only in wild only in Europe and almost never come up in Vietnam, in 1955 was dismissed by the people. The power of government fell in Ngo Dinh Diem who then established the capital of the Republic of Vietnam with Saigon and with himself as President. Before that the French had been able to entirely expelled from Vietnam, after their last bastion, Dien bien phu falls. Since Vietnam was split into two: the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north under Ho Chi Minh to Hanoi capital, and the Republic of Vietnam in the south under Ngo Dinh Diem. Dhinh Ngo Diem government in power 8 years old.Sayingnya, the government is an oligarchy: he raised his brother, his brother's wife and other family members in important positions.And she did the persecution of Buddhist groups, which led to riots case everywhere, especially since many of the leading Buddhist priest burning himself until charred in public: a manifestation of passive resistance that shook the whole human race around the world.
Finally at the end of 1963 arising rebellion the military seized government power; Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nu, was captured and killed (November 1963). While it raised a revolutionary popular movement, the Viet Cong, who pemerontakan armed against the government of South Vietnam and aspiring South Vietnam was about to reunite with North Vietnam.
Philippines
The Philippines got its independence with the other one, because the U.S. occupation of the Philippines is very different nature than the Dutch colonization of Indonesia or the French Indo China.Although new in 1898, the Philippines fell in the hands of the United States, but in 1916 the Jones Act to the Philippines had been promised full independence in later days. In 1937 independence was practically has become a reality with the establishment of the Commonwealth Government of Manuel Quezon as President.Promised to be granted full independence in 1946. The promise was kept, though the Second World War and the War of Greater East Asia has just finished.
On July 4, 1946, established the Republic of the Philippines by Roxas as the first president. After Roxas died, he was replaced by Quirino. In 1953 elected as president Magsaysay. As a former guerrilla leader in the era of Japanese occupation he was very popular. Unfortunately, he died in an airplane crash. He was replaced by Garcia. Since 1962, the President shall Macapagal.
Philippines biggest problem in the post-war corruption is rampant among magistrates and disturbances of piihak Hukbalahap hordes.Hordes Hukbalahap (or abbreviated the "Huk") is a class of former fighters in the Japanese population holding guerrilla resistance against Japan and communist wing. After the war, they demanded the redistribution of land rights ("land reform"). Their demands are very wide, so it can not be approved by the government. The Huk held a protracted armed resistance and the length of many of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. New president Magsaysay defeating the Huk it.
India
India and Pakistan gained independence premises approval also former British colonial rule.
India gets its independence on August 15, 1947 on January 26, 1950 to choose the form of "republic" and choose Rajendra Prasad as the first President.
Pakistan
As a result of the outbreak of the Indian subcontinent into India and the State of the State of Pakistan, then there is a migration (movement of people) massive. Millions of people from the Muslim region of India moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus instead of flowing move into Pakistan territory of India. Fortunately, crunch arising from the problem of "minority" in their respective areas can be addressed by the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and Prime Minister of Pakistan entered into an arrangement with Delhi Pact in 1950. But the most complicated issues between India and Pakistan is the Kashmir region. This problem has been to the council of the United Nations. The United Nations has also sent a special committee, but until now was not able to reach a satisfactory explanation to the two sides.
Pakistan also got its independence on August 15, 1947. As Governor-General of Pakistan first appointed "Quaid I Azam" (Great Leader) Mohammad Ali Jinnah "Mr Pakistam". But about a year later, 11 September 1948 Jinnah died, and was replaced by Kwaja Nazimuddin. Also Pakistan then choose the form of "republic" with President Mirza Khan: Islamic Republic of Pakistan. But in Pakistan rampant corruption among magistrates. Finally the coup occurred.Government power was taken by General Ayub Khan, who became president in 1958. Negarapun modified shape is no longer "the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" but "Republic of Pakistan". President Ayub Khan to work hard. Corruption and luxury among the authorities eradicated and development efforts carried out with vigor.
Burma
Burma at the beginning of 1947, entered into an agreement with the UK then be formed a provisional government under the leadership of Prime Minister Aung Sam but by the middle of 1947 it was also Aung San and several other ministers have fallen a victim of murder.
On January 4, 1948 formed the Republic of the Union of Burma, but the government got tough challenge from the communist groups and fanatic religious group. Pemberontakn raged in which, the state government is lousy. U Nu finally come forward as Prime Minister.Rebellion is the most dangerous part of the Karen tribe who established: the State itself "in the Karen area.
U Nu gradually managed to control the situation. But the situation in Burma, but not satisfactory. Eventually power falls hands of General Ne Win.
Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Ceylon or Sri Lanka a dominion also got independence on February 4, 1948. At the end of 1954 of Sri Lanka participated in the Five Country Conference held in Bofor, Indonesia, along with India, Pakistan and Burma. Five Countries that later became Host Asian-African Conference held in Bandung in April 1955. A privilege in Sri Lanka today is that since 1960 the leadership of the government was held by a woman, Mrs. Bandaranaike in 1960 by the People's Party of Sri Lanka was chosen as Prime Minister, replacing her husband, who fell as victims of homicide in 1959.
Thailand (Siam)
Siam or Thailand was never a colony state. During the War of Greater East Asia, Thailand was occupied by the Japanese and forced to join the war on the Japanese. King Ananda Mahidol was murdered in mid-1947. At the end of the year that Marshal Luang Pibul Songgram held coup (coup d'etat: the seizure of power of government) and bring down the government. He became prime minister and ruled until he was driven from power in 1960.
Cambodia
Cambodia's former French colony, in 1947 again became an independent kingdom with Prince Norodom Sihanouk as king. In 1955 he resigned his crown dasn handed to his father, King Norodom Suramarit but a few years later Suramarit died. And again led government held by Norodom Sihanouk. Prince Norodom Sihanouk and his queen in 1963 visit to Indonesia.
Laos
Laos is also a former French colony that is located adjacent to the Muang Thai, also became an independent state after the Second World War. But the situation in Laos is much more difficult and very explosive. Three streams each other for power. Domestic situation more dangerous for interfering foreigners. There are leftist, consisting of the Pathet Lao, led by Prince Souvana Phong, received help from North Vietnam and the People's Republic of China. Right flow Boun Oum led by Prince and General Poumi Nosavan, received help from the United States. And the middle class standing "neutralist" led Prince Souvana Phouma. Over the duration of class "neutralist" can control the situation, as respected by both left and right, but between the right and the left of the battle raged continuously. The Pathet Lao were fighting spirit burning, finally dispelled the army General Poumi Nosavan to enter into the territory of Thailand. After obtaining a glorious victory, began to attack the Pathet Lao was also the "neutralist". Meanwhile, the more the assistance provided by the United States flows into Laos to stem the rising tide of the Pathet Lao so the situation is more serious and dangerous for world peace.
China
China arise at the end of the Greater East Asia War as a great country. As one of the "Big Five" he became a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations and has the right to veto. What is meant by "Chinese" Nationalist China at the time was under President Ciang Kai-shek.
Meanwhile, the Red Army under Mao Zedong stronger. Provide an opportunity for the Japanese surrender to the Red Army controlled most of northern China. Negotiations between the nationalists and the communists did not deliver the results and a civil war broke out again with the enormity. Experiments General George Marshall of the United States to reconcile the two sides did not succeed.Communist troops fought with fiery spirit, being in the army Ciang Kai-shek rampant corruption. Ciang Kai-shek's army weaponry far more perfect thanks to the help given by the continuous United States. But the weapons superiority in vain. Nationalist army generals are weak and corrupt deliver or sell weapons to the Communists.
In 1949 the army Ciang Kai-shek entirely dihalaukan from mainland China and withdrew to the island of Taiwan. On October 1, 1949 in the People's Republic of China proclaimed in Peking. Today it's become dated October 1 National Day of China replaces Wuchang Day (October 10) People's Republic of China government was soon recognized by the Soviet Union and other communist country.Some non-communist state also began to recognize as Burma, India, and others. Our country also recognizes the People's Republic of China itself to decide all government communications Ciang Kai-shek in Taiwan.
Under the leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Chou En-lai, the People's Republic of China on the path forward by leaps and bounds. China back into the country's most respected in the eyes of the world especially in the military field.
Japan
Japan is one country that lost the war in the Second World War and the War of Greater East Asia. As a result of the defeat of Japan had experienced a variety of insults. Its area is returned to its original boundaries. South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands should be left to the Soviet Union. Manchuria must be returned to China. Korea and Taiwan must be removed. Thus the boundary of the region return as the Japanese Empire in 1867, which only included Hokkaido, Honsu, Shikoku and Kyushu. In fact, Japan has had a population of 90 million people compared to 30 million in 1867.
Agreement signed unconditional surrender of Japan on the American warship, Missouri on September 2, 1945 by Major General Douglas Mac Arthur. As a result of Japan's unconditional surrender was to be governed by the Allied occupation troops stationed on the Japanese government and the chief in charge of the war will be arrested and tried as "war criminals" (war criminals).As Supreme Commander of the Allied Army of Occupation was appointed General Mac Arthur. Mac Arthur practically ruled with absolute; entire Japanese government, including the Tenno Heika, placed under his orders. But with the increasingly sharpening between the United States and the Soviet Union the United States more inclined to have fellowship with Japan and made Japan a strong base for the defense of the United States. So any assistance provided by the United States to rebuild the economy and industry of Japan. Thanks to the help of the United States that the Japanese are progressing so rapidly, until today the lives of people more advanced and prosperous than it was before the Second World War.
Korea
Korea is a colony of Japan before the War of Greater East Asia.After the war, Japan had to let go. A few days before Japan surrendered. Korea was invaded by the Allies: Soviet troops entered from the north and the United States troops entered from the south. So at the end of the war, Korea split into two: North Korea dominated by the Soviet Union and South Korea under the influence of the United States. Boundary is the line of latitude 38 degrees.
DAPT therefore not reached an agreement to unify Korea then in South Korea formed the Republic of Korea with Dr. Syngman Rhee as president (August 1948). To compensate in North Korea in September established the People's Democratic Republic; selected as president Kim Il Sung, a prominent communist leader.
On June 25, 1950 came the Korean War (1950-1953). North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel and the flooded area of South Korea. Within two months of almost all parts of South Korea was occupied by North Korean soldiers, except in the southeast of the port of Pusan.
At that time the United States decided to provide assistance to South Korea. Under the leadership of General Mac Arthur U.S. troops landed at Inchon and counterattack. North Korean troops were repulsed, Mac Arthur army crossed the 38th parallel, stormed to the north and quickly headed to the Yalu River on the border of Manchuria.
At a crucial time for North Korea, the People's Republic of China to intervene. Tens of thousands of troops stormed the People's Republic of North Korea and hitting soldiers Mac Arthur returned to the area around the 38th parallel.
The situation became so precarious. People are very concerned about the explosion of the Third World War. Conflicts arising establishment between General MacArthur and President Truman fired MacArthur result of his position as Commander in Chief in Tokyo and Korea.
General Eisenhower who in 1952 was elected President of the United States clearly wants peace in Korea. On July 27 1953 a ceasefire was reached. Korea remains split in two: Democratic People's Republic of Korea that the communist north and the Republic of Korea that liberal democratic south. For the Korean people as to the circumstances seluruhan very harmful because the North is the Industrial area and the southern part is an agricultural area so that when the two parts are joined its complementary: one complements the other.
Government Syngman Rhee turns corrupt and "nepotistic" (divide fortune and important position to relatives and his own) as well as government Ciang Kai-shek. It was so, Rhee can survive 12 years in the position. At the end of 1960 occurred "coup": Rhee had to flee to the United States. While the powers of government in South Korea fell in the hands of the military.
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
When the face of the European continent through many changes since the Second World War, in Asia the change was far greater. In Asia as a result of the Second World War it raised many new State managed to break away from the shackles of colonialism and became a sovereign and independent State.
Canang first hit by Indonesia. Only 3 days after Japan capitulated unconditionally, Indonesia had proclaimed independence and established the Republic of Indonesia.
Vietnam soon followed and on 2 September 1945 established the Republic of Vietnam under President Ho Chi Minh that are pro-communist.
The former colonies were free anyway: Philippines (July 4, 1946), India and Pakistan respectively on August 15, 1947; Burma (January 4, 1948), and Ceylon or Sri Lanka (February 4, 1948).
Vietnam
Republic of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh did not get approval from the former colonies: French. To counterbalance the French helped the establishment of the State under the South Vietnamese King Bao Dai. Protracted civil war supported by France and the United States with North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh and got help from the People's Republic of China. Bao Dai who lives only in wild only in Europe and almost never come up in Vietnam, in 1955 was dismissed by the people. The power of government fell in Ngo Dinh Diem who then established the capital of the Republic of Vietnam with Saigon and with himself as President. Before that the French had been able to entirely expelled from Vietnam, after their last bastion, Dien bien phu falls. Since Vietnam was split into two: the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north under Ho Chi Minh to Hanoi capital, and the Republic of Vietnam in the south under Ngo Dinh Diem. Dhinh Ngo Diem government in power 8 years old.Sayingnya, the government is an oligarchy: he raised his brother, his brother's wife and other family members in important positions.And she did the persecution of Buddhist groups, which led to riots case everywhere, especially since many of the leading Buddhist priest burning himself until charred in public: a manifestation of passive resistance that shook the whole human race around the world.
Finally at the end of 1963 arising rebellion the military seized government power; Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nu, was captured and killed (November 1963). While it raised a revolutionary popular movement, the Viet Cong, who pemerontakan armed against the government of South Vietnam and aspiring South Vietnam was about to reunite with North Vietnam.
Philippines
The Philippines got its independence with the other one, because the U.S. occupation of the Philippines is very different nature than the Dutch colonization of Indonesia or the French Indo China.Although new in 1898, the Philippines fell in the hands of the United States, but in 1916 the Jones Act to the Philippines had been promised full independence in later days. In 1937 independence was practically has become a reality with the establishment of the Commonwealth Government of Manuel Quezon as President.Promised to be granted full independence in 1946. The promise was kept, though the Second World War and the War of Greater East Asia has just finished.
On July 4, 1946, established the Republic of the Philippines by Roxas as the first president. After Roxas died, he was replaced by Quirino. In 1953 elected as president Magsaysay. As a former guerrilla leader in the era of Japanese occupation he was very popular. Unfortunately, he died in an airplane crash. He was replaced by Garcia. Since 1962, the President shall Macapagal.
Philippines biggest problem in the post-war corruption is rampant among magistrates and disturbances of piihak Hukbalahap hordes.Hordes Hukbalahap (or abbreviated the "Huk") is a class of former fighters in the Japanese population holding guerrilla resistance against Japan and communist wing. After the war, they demanded the redistribution of land rights ("land reform"). Their demands are very wide, so it can not be approved by the government. The Huk held a protracted armed resistance and the length of many of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. New president Magsaysay defeating the Huk it.
India
India and Pakistan gained independence premises approval also former British colonial rule.
India gets its independence on August 15, 1947 on January 26, 1950 to choose the form of "republic" and choose Rajendra Prasad as the first President.
Pakistan
As a result of the outbreak of the Indian subcontinent into India and the State of the State of Pakistan, then there is a migration (movement of people) massive. Millions of people from the Muslim region of India moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus instead of flowing move into Pakistan territory of India. Fortunately, crunch arising from the problem of "minority" in their respective areas can be addressed by the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and Prime Minister of Pakistan entered into an arrangement with Delhi Pact in 1950. But the most complicated issues between India and Pakistan is the Kashmir region. This problem has been to the council of the United Nations. The United Nations has also sent a special committee, but until now was not able to reach a satisfactory explanation to the two sides.
Pakistan also got its independence on August 15, 1947. As Governor-General of Pakistan first appointed "Quaid I Azam" (Great Leader) Mohammad Ali Jinnah "Mr Pakistam". But about a year later, 11 September 1948 Jinnah died, and was replaced by Kwaja Nazimuddin. Also Pakistan then choose the form of "republic" with President Mirza Khan: Islamic Republic of Pakistan. But in Pakistan rampant corruption among magistrates. Finally the coup occurred.Government power was taken by General Ayub Khan, who became president in 1958. Negarapun modified shape is no longer "the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" but "Republic of Pakistan". President Ayub Khan to work hard. Corruption and luxury among the authorities eradicated and development efforts carried out with vigor.
Burma
Burma at the beginning of 1947, entered into an agreement with the UK then be formed a provisional government under the leadership of Prime Minister Aung Sam but by the middle of 1947 it was also Aung San and several other ministers have fallen a victim of murder.
On January 4, 1948 formed the Republic of the Union of Burma, but the government got tough challenge from the communist groups and fanatic religious group. Pemberontakn raged in which, the state government is lousy. U Nu finally come forward as Prime Minister.Rebellion is the most dangerous part of the Karen tribe who established: the State itself "in the Karen area.
U Nu gradually managed to control the situation. But the situation in Burma, but not satisfactory. Eventually power falls hands of General Ne Win.
Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Ceylon or Sri Lanka a dominion also got independence on February 4, 1948. At the end of 1954 of Sri Lanka participated in the Five Country Conference held in Bofor, Indonesia, along with India, Pakistan and Burma. Five Countries that later became Host Asian-African Conference held in Bandung in April 1955. A privilege in Sri Lanka today is that since 1960 the leadership of the government was held by a woman, Mrs. Bandaranaike in 1960 by the People's Party of Sri Lanka was chosen as Prime Minister, replacing her husband, who fell as victims of homicide in 1959.
Thailand (Siam)
Siam or Thailand was never a colony state. During the War of Greater East Asia, Thailand was occupied by the Japanese and forced to join the war on the Japanese. King Ananda Mahidol was murdered in mid-1947. At the end of the year that Marshal Luang Pibul Songgram held coup (coup d'etat: the seizure of power of government) and bring down the government. He became prime minister and ruled until he was driven from power in 1960.
Cambodia
Cambodia's former French colony, in 1947 again became an independent kingdom with Prince Norodom Sihanouk as king. In 1955 he resigned his crown dasn handed to his father, King Norodom Suramarit but a few years later Suramarit died. And again led government held by Norodom Sihanouk. Prince Norodom Sihanouk and his queen in 1963 visit to Indonesia.
Laos
Laos is also a former French colony that is located adjacent to the Muang Thai, also became an independent state after the Second World War. But the situation in Laos is much more difficult and very explosive. Three streams each other for power. Domestic situation more dangerous for interfering foreigners. There are leftist, consisting of the Pathet Lao, led by Prince Souvana Phong, received help from North Vietnam and the People's Republic of China. Right flow Boun Oum led by Prince and General Poumi Nosavan, received help from the United States. And the middle class standing "neutralist" led Prince Souvana Phouma. Over the duration of class "neutralist" can control the situation, as respected by both left and right, but between the right and the left of the battle raged continuously. The Pathet Lao were fighting spirit burning, finally dispelled the army General Poumi Nosavan to enter into the territory of Thailand. After obtaining a glorious victory, began to attack the Pathet Lao was also the "neutralist". Meanwhile, the more the assistance provided by the United States flows into Laos to stem the rising tide of the Pathet Lao so the situation is more serious and dangerous for world peace.
China
China arise at the end of the Greater East Asia War as a great country. As one of the "Big Five" he became a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations and has the right to veto. What is meant by "Chinese" Nationalist China at the time was under President Ciang Kai-shek.
Meanwhile, the Red Army under Mao Zedong stronger. Provide an opportunity for the Japanese surrender to the Red Army controlled most of northern China. Negotiations between the nationalists and the communists did not deliver the results and a civil war broke out again with the enormity. Experiments General George Marshall of the United States to reconcile the two sides did not succeed.Communist troops fought with fiery spirit, being in the army Ciang Kai-shek rampant corruption. Ciang Kai-shek's army weaponry far more perfect thanks to the help given by the continuous United States. But the weapons superiority in vain. Nationalist army generals are weak and corrupt deliver or sell weapons to the Communists.
In 1949 the army Ciang Kai-shek entirely dihalaukan from mainland China and withdrew to the island of Taiwan. On October 1, 1949 in the People's Republic of China proclaimed in Peking. Today it's become dated October 1 National Day of China replaces Wuchang Day (October 10) People's Republic of China government was soon recognized by the Soviet Union and other communist country.Some non-communist state also began to recognize as Burma, India, and others. Our country also recognizes the People's Republic of China itself to decide all government communications Ciang Kai-shek in Taiwan.
Under the leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Chou En-lai, the People's Republic of China on the path forward by leaps and bounds. China back into the country's most respected in the eyes of the world especially in the military field.
Japan
Japan is one country that lost the war in the Second World War and the War of Greater East Asia. As a result of the defeat of Japan had experienced a variety of insults. Its area is returned to its original boundaries. South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands should be left to the Soviet Union. Manchuria must be returned to China. Korea and Taiwan must be removed. Thus the boundary of the region return as the Japanese Empire in 1867, which only included Hokkaido, Honsu, Shikoku and Kyushu. In fact, Japan has had a population of 90 million people compared to 30 million in 1867.
Agreement signed unconditional surrender of Japan on the American warship, Missouri on September 2, 1945 by Major General Douglas Mac Arthur. As a result of Japan's unconditional surrender was to be governed by the Allied occupation troops stationed on the Japanese government and the chief in charge of the war will be arrested and tried as "war criminals" (war criminals).As Supreme Commander of the Allied Army of Occupation was appointed General Mac Arthur. Mac Arthur practically ruled with absolute; entire Japanese government, including the Tenno Heika, placed under his orders. But with the increasingly sharpening between the United States and the Soviet Union the United States more inclined to have fellowship with Japan and made Japan a strong base for the defense of the United States. So any assistance provided by the United States to rebuild the economy and industry of Japan. Thanks to the help of the United States that the Japanese are progressing so rapidly, until today the lives of people more advanced and prosperous than it was before the Second World War.
Korea
Korea is a colony of Japan before the War of Greater East Asia.After the war, Japan had to let go. A few days before Japan surrendered. Korea was invaded by the Allies: Soviet troops entered from the north and the United States troops entered from the south. So at the end of the war, Korea split into two: North Korea dominated by the Soviet Union and South Korea under the influence of the United States. Boundary is the line of latitude 38 degrees.
DAPT therefore not reached an agreement to unify Korea then in South Korea formed the Republic of Korea with Dr. Syngman Rhee as president (August 1948). To compensate in North Korea in September established the People's Democratic Republic; selected as president Kim Il Sung, a prominent communist leader.
On June 25, 1950 came the Korean War (1950-1953). North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel and the flooded area of South Korea. Within two months of almost all parts of South Korea was occupied by North Korean soldiers, except in the southeast of the port of Pusan.
At that time the United States decided to provide assistance to South Korea. Under the leadership of General Mac Arthur U.S. troops landed at Inchon and counterattack. North Korean troops were repulsed, Mac Arthur army crossed the 38th parallel, stormed to the north and quickly headed to the Yalu River on the border of Manchuria.
At a crucial time for North Korea, the People's Republic of China to intervene. Tens of thousands of troops stormed the People's Republic of North Korea and hitting soldiers Mac Arthur returned to the area around the 38th parallel.
The situation became so precarious. People are very concerned about the explosion of the Third World War. Conflicts arising establishment between General MacArthur and President Truman fired MacArthur result of his position as Commander in Chief in Tokyo and Korea.
General Eisenhower who in 1952 was elected President of the United States clearly wants peace in Korea. On July 27 1953 a ceasefire was reached. Korea remains split in two: Democratic People's Republic of Korea that the communist north and the Republic of Korea that liberal democratic south. For the Korean people as to the circumstances seluruhan very harmful because the North is the Industrial area and the southern part is an agricultural area so that when the two parts are joined its complementary: one complements the other.
Government Syngman Rhee turns corrupt and "nepotistic" (divide fortune and important position to relatives and his own) as well as government Ciang Kai-shek. It was so, Rhee can survive 12 years in the position. At the end of 1960 occurred "coup": Rhee had to flee to the United States. While the powers of government in South Korea fell in the hands of the military.
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