Kebangunan Nasional India dan Perjuangan Kemerdekaan India/India's National Revival and the Struggle for Independence India FOR GENERAL HISTORY
Kebangunan Nasional India dan Perjuangan Kemerdekaan India
(Sumber: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia Ditengah-tengah Dunia dari Abad keabad. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. (perubahan: Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan/EYD))
Dalam pada itu mulai timbul suatu gerakan kebangunan nasional. Kita telah tahu bahwa orang India sangat mementingkan kehidupan rohani. Filsafat bagi mereka merupakan anasir sangat penting.
Maka kebangunan nasional bangsa India pun tidak semata bersifat gerakan politik yang hnedak melepaskan diri dari belenggu Inggris melainkan dipengaruhi oleh banyak aliran batin.
Dalam tingkatan pertama gerakan kebangkitan nasional itu tidak mengandung sifat permusuhan terhadap bangsa Inggris. Bahkan sebaliknya. Para pemimpin bermaksud bekerja bersama dengan orang Inggris untuk pertama berusaha meninggikan derajat masyarakat dan memberantas berbagai kebiasaan dan adat istiadat yang sudah kolot dan using, yang ganjil dan merugikan. Pemimpin besar yang paling terkemuka pada masa itu ialah Raja Rammohan Roy yang pada tahun 1828 mendirikan gerakan Brahmana Samaj.
Gerakan Rammohan Roy terutama dipusatkan pada usaha untuk memperbaiki masyarakat. Pertama pendidikan rakyat mendapat perhatian sepenuhnya. Ia berusaha keras untuk memberantas kebiasaan ganjil seperti kebiasaan membunuh bayi, teristimewa bayi perempuan, kebiasaan mengawinkan anak yang jauh di bawah umur, kebiasaan sati yang memaksakan seorang janda bunuh diri dengan menceburkan diri dalam api pembakaran jenazah suaminya, larangan kepada orang janda untuk kawin lagi. Rammohan Roy seorang sarjana yang paham benar akan ilmu pengetahuan barat. Di samping itu ia insaf pula sedalamnya akan nilai filsafat dan kebudayaan Timur. Sesuai dengan jiwanya yang universal itu ia mengajarkan persamaan semua agama dan kesatuan Tuhan. Allah atau Tuhan, Siwa atau Wisnu atau Brahma, itu semua sebutan berlainan dari satu Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, yang wajib disembah oleh setiap manusia. Ia pun pula seorang sastrawan besar yang memberikan jiwa baru pada bahasa Benggali.
Sudah tentau di kalangan bangsa India yang kolot, ajaran dan anjuran Roy itu mendapat tantangan keras, tetapi dikalangan kaum muda dan mereka yang telah mendapat pengaruh pendidikan dan kehidupan modern, ia pandang sebagai seorang nabi baru dan lekas mendapat pengaruh banyak dan pengaruh besar, ia kemudian diakui sebagai bapak kebangunan nasional India dan pada tahun 1933 hari seratus tahun wafatnya diperingati seluruh India.
Seorang filsuf besar lain ialah Ramakrishna yang juga mengajarkan kesatuan agama. Pesanan Ramakrishna menjadi terkenal, tidak hanya di seluruh dunia melainkan di seluruh dunia, oleh karena jasa salah seorang muridnya, Svami Vivekananda. Oleh karena kecakapan dan kewibawaan yang luar biasa, Vivekananda cepat mendapat banyak penganut dari segala lapisan. Pada tahun1893 ia diundang menghadiri Kongres Agama yang diadakan di kota Chicago di Amerika Serikat. Pidatonya tentang kesatuan agama dengan seketika menarik perhatian; di beberapa tempat di Amerika Serikat kemudian juga di Eropa didirikan asrama untuk mempelajari pesanan Ramakrishna.
Orang yang sangat besar pengaruhnya pada kebangunan nasional India ialah Nyonya Annie Besant, pemimpin gerakan teosofi yang segera mempunyai cabang di seluruh India. Gerakan teosofi menghidupkan kembali agama India Kuno, maksud Annie Besant ialah menanamkan kembali rasa harga diri dalam dada bangsa India, membangun kebanggaan terhadap zaman silam dan kepercayaan akan hari kemudian sehingga bangkitlah kesanggupan membangun kebangsaan baru. Salah seorang anggota terkemuka teosofi ialah Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Aliran itu akhirnya menimbulkan gerakan nasional yang bersifat politik yang hendak ikut mengatur urusan Negara. Gerakan ini terutama dipimpin oleh Surendranath Banerjea, dan mula di tujukan terhadap peraturan yang menghalangi orang bangsa India memasuki dinas pemerintahan sipil, India Civil Service.
Pada tahun 1885, didirkan Indian National Congres yang lebih luas programnya, diantaranya juga menuntut penambahan sekolah dan kesempatan bagi bangsa India untuk ikut bertanggung jawab dalam pemerintahan pusat dan pemerintahan daerah. Akan tetapi orang yang duduk dalam Indian Civil Service itu orang yang kolot pendiriannya dan ingin terus menerus menyediakan jabatan dalam dinas itu bagi kawan mereka sendiri. Maka usul dan petisi Congress selalu diabaikan saja. Oleh sebab jemu dipermainkan terus menerus maka sebagian dari Congress dibawah pimpinan Bal Gangadhar Tilak pada tahun 1906 memisahkan diri dari Congress. Semenjak itu perhubungan antara bangsa India dan pemerintahan Inggris menjadi runcing dan Congress menunjukkan sifat permusuhan terhadap pemerintah. Tidak seorang bangsa Maratha dari kasta Brahmana. Dalam pidatonya ia selalu mengingatkan bangsa India akan kebesaran Kerajaan Maratha dibawah Shivaji.
Akhirnya ia ditangkap dan dimasukkan penjara tetapi hal itu tidak mematahkan gerakannya. Dalam masa Perang Dunia Pertama (1914-1918) pimpinan dipegang oleh Nyonya Annie Besant dan kemudian oleh Mohamdas Kramchand Gandhi.
Inggris menjawab perkembangan gerakan nasional di India dengan politik devide et impera, memecah belah. Orang Islam di adu dombakan dengan orang beragama Hindu, kaum ningrat dengan kaum terpelajar. Antara Islam dan Hindu memang ada pertentangan tetapi selama India dikuasai oleh Raja Moghul, pertentangan itu tidak pernah meruncing menjadi permusuhan. Memang sifat tenggang menenggang bangsa India dan bangsa Asia umumnya, tidak suka memusuhi orang, oleh karena menjunjung kepercayaan lain. Jarang sekali ada raja yang mencoba memaksakan agamanya kepada hamba sahayanya yang beragama lain seperti umpamanya Aurangzeb. Juga pada masa timbulnya gerakan nasional pada akhir abad XIX, pertentangan itu tidak ada. Gerakan golongan Islam yang dipimpin oleh Sir Syed Ahmad bekerja erat bersama dengan Congress.
Tetapi Inggris mulai memasukkan jarumnya yang memecah belah, mengadu domba. Sekali diadakan peraturan yang menguntungkan golongan Islam, merugikan golongan Hindu, sekali lagi diadakan perturan yang sifatnya sebaliknya, menguntungkan golongan Hindu, merugikan golongan Islam. Dengan cara demikian pertentangan antara Hindu dan Islam dibesarkan sehingga menjadi permusuhan. Lambat laun timbul dikalangan Islam kecurigaan dan kekhawatiran, bahwa mereka akan diperlakukan sewenang, bilamana mereka bersatu dengan golongan Hindu, oleh sebab golongan Hindu jauh lebih besar jumlahnya, kira-kira lima kali golongan Islam.
Pada tahun 1899, datanglah memerintah di India Gubernur Jenderal Lord Curzon, seorang “orang kuat” yang bekerja giat untuk kemajuan India tetapi sekali tidak memberi hati kepada kaum nasionalis India. Sungguhpun begitu, gerakan nasionalisme India tidak menjadi mundur bahkan sebaliknya makin meluap. Curzon meninggalkan India pada tahun 1905 dan digantikan oleh Lord Minto II. Di bawah Pemerintahan Lord Minto II itu Inggris pada tahun 1909 terpaksa memberik sekedar kekuasaan kepada orang bangsa India. Tindakan itu terkenal sebagai Morley Minto Reforms (Lord Morley pada waktu itu menjabat Menteri Jajahan). Bagi kaum nasionalis Morley Minto Reforms tidak memuaskan. Perjuangan bangsa India berjalan terus dan kian lama makin tajam.
Sungguhpun begitu, pada masa Perang Dunia Pertama bangsa India pada umumnya setia membantu Inggris. Pada waktu menyatakan perang kepada Jerman, Inggris sama sekali belum siap menghadapi perang. Dua divisi tentara India dikirimkan ke medan perang Vlaanderen di Belgia. Di India sendiri baik kaum lelaki maupun perempuan menyumbangkan tenaganya dengan sukarela dalam berbagai dinas tentara. Tentara india dengan cepat diperbesa. Berbagai divisi India dikirimkan ke berbagai medan perang di Mesopotamia, di Afrika Utara, Syiria, Palestina untuk bertempur bahu membahu pertempuran itu kecakapan dan keberanian serdadu India terbukti dengan jelas. Banyak orang India mendapat hadiah Victoria Cross, tanda jasa militer tertinggi dalam tentara Inggris.
Dalam Perang Dunia Pertama setengah juta serdadu India ikut bertempur, 26.000 orang tewas, 70.000 orang menderita luka-luka.
Gandhi sendiripun ikut membantu Inggris dengan memimpin Palang Merah yang terdiri dari tenaga sukarela orang India di medan perang di Eropa.
Pada tahun 1919 wakil bangsa India, Lord Sinha, ikut serta menandantangani Perjanjian Perdamaian di Versailles.
Bantuan India kepada Inggris dalam Perang Dunia Pertama itu, baik yang berupa tenaga maupun yang berupa uang, sangat besar. Oleh Inggris sendiri hal itupun diakui dan dihargai. Maka oleh Inggris pada tahun 1916 dijanjikan Montagu Chelmsford Reforms (Lord Montagu ialah Menteri Jajahan dan Lord Chelsmsford waktu itu gubernur jenderal di India). Dalam Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms itu dijanjikan bahwa orang bangsa India akan diberikan lebih banyak pemerintahan.
Tetapi kemudian ternyata bahwa Inggris tidak menempati janjinya itu.
Setelah perang berakhir, timbullah berbagai kerusuhan di India, terutama di bagian Barat Laut, hal biasa dalam waktu sesudah habis perang. Kerusuhan itu oleh Inggris dijadikan alasan untuk mengadakan peraturan pengawasan polisi yang keras, yang terkenal sebagai Rowlatt Act. Pada hari tanggal 13 April 1919, berkumpullah banyak orang di kota Amritsar, diantaranya ikut juga banyak kaum wanita dan anak-anak dengan maksud mengadakan rapat untuk memprotes Rowlatt Act tadi. Oleh panglima tentara di kota itu, Jenderal Dyer, diperintah untuk menembaki orang yang sedang berkumpul dan tidak berdaya itu. Akibatnya ialah 379 orang mati, 1.200 orang luka, diantaranya banyak kaum wanita dan anak-anak.
Diberbagai daerah diadakan pemerintahan militer yang menjalankan terror. Banyak sekali orang India yang ditangkap, dianiaya, dihukum tembak dan dihukum gantung. Acap kali juga dilakukan “pembersihan” dengan pengeboman dan penembakan dari udara.
Semua itu malah meluapkan kebencian bangsa India terhadap pemerintahan. Dimana diadakan hartal dengan menutup took sebagai tanda berduka cita.
Kekejaman Inggris itu seketika mengubah sikap Mahatma Gandhi dari teman menjadi musuh. Pada tahun 1920, ia mulai gerakan non koperasi, tidak bekerja sama dengan Inggris. Ia menganjurkan kepada rakyat India supaya jangan masuk sekolah pemerintah, jangan mau memberikan suaranya dalam pemilihan untuk dewan daerah, dan memboikot barang dari Inggris. Anjuran itu dimana disambut dengan semangat menyala. Barang buatan Inggris dibakar, banyak ahli hokum terkemuka seperti C. R. Das dan Motial Nehru keluar dari dinas pemerintah, di mana meluapkan gerakan civil disobedience untuk tidak mentaati peraturan pemerintah. Pemerintah Inggris mengadakan penangkapan besar. Pada tahun 1921, 30.000 tawanan politik di jebloskan dalam penjara. Tindakan pemerintah itu sia-sia. Orang bahkan merasa bangga, apabila ditangkap dan dimasukkan penjara. Semenjak itu tahun 1920 itu Mahatma Gandhi menjadi jiwa gerakan kemerdekaan dan oleh Congress ditunjuk sebagai pemimpin besar gerakan nasional.
Sementara itu perhubungan antara Islam dan Hindu menjadi semakin buruk. Antara kedua golongan berkali-kali timbul percecokkan yang tidak jarang mengakibatkan perkelahian hebat. Perserikatan kaum Muslimin, Muslimin League, bertambah kuat. Tetapi Partai Congress yang semata berpedoman nasionalisme yang meliputi seluruh India, kurang menaruh perhatian kepada kehendak dan cita-cita golongan Islam, salah pula menaksiran kekuatan dan kedudukan Muslim League. Main banyak kaum Muslimin yang tidak lagi memusatkan pengharapannya kepada Mahatma Gandhi, melainkan pemimpin mereka sendiri. Pada tahun 1929, diadakan Muktamar Islam di seluruh India dibawah pimpinan MohammadAli Jinnah, dimana ditetapkan tuntutan kaum Muslim.
Pada bulan Oktober 1929, Gubernur Jenderal Lord Irwin memaklumkan bahwa Inggris hendak mengadakan Konferensi Meja Bundar di London dengan wakil bangsa India untuk membicarakan masalah India. Di bacakan bahwa kepada India akan diberikan kepada dominion status. Tetapi Partai Congress dibawah pimpinan Pandit Jawaharial Nehru, putera Motilal Nehru, menolak Konferensi Meja Bundar, dan menuntut kemerdekaan penuh. Pada tahun 31 Desember 1929, pukul 12 malam Pandit Nehru menaikkan bendera nasional India. Hari tanggal 26 Januari 1930 dinyatakan sebagai Hari Kemerdekaan dan dirayakan di seluruh India.
Pada bulan April 1930 Gandhi mengadakan perjalanannya yang termasyhur ke Dandi di India Barat untuk membuat garam dipantai laut dengan maksud melanggar undang-undang pemerintah mengenai pembuatan garam secara besar-besaran. Dimana timbul kerusuhan, Pemerintah menjawabnya dengan cara yang biasa: penangkapan, penganiayaan, pembunuhan. Dalam waktu kurang dari satu tahun 103 orang tewas, 420 orang luka-luka dna 60.000 orang dimasukkan penjara. Penganiayaan dilakukan secara membabi buta terhadap laki-laki dan perempuan.
Konferensi Meja Bundar itu di buka di London pada November 1930 sampai pada Januari 1931; wakil Partai Congress tidak ada yang ikut serta. Pada tanggal 4 Maret 1931 ditandantangani perjanjian antara Gandhi dengan Irwin: Congres akan melepaskan civil disobedience dan ikut serta dalam Konferensi Meja Bundar; pemerintah akan menarik kembali peraturannya yang kejam dan melepaskan para tawanan politik.
Konferensi Meja bUndar dibuka untuk kedua kalinya, dari September sampai Desember 1931. Konferensi itutidak menghasilkan apa-apa. Setibanya Gandhi kembali di India, pemerintah menjalankan lagi politik penindasan. Congress menjawab dengan menghidupkan kembali gerakan civil disobedience dan pemboikotan barang Inggris yang sangat merugikan pemerintah dan perusahaan Inggris itu.
Gandhi ditangkap, Partai Congres dinyatakan sebagai badan diluar hokum dan politik penindasan dipertajam dengan cara yang biadab.
Tetapi semua itu sia-sia, gerakan nasional tetap menyala, sehingga Inggris padatahun 1935 terpaksa mengadakan perubahan undang-undang dasar lagi dan memberi lebih baik kekuasaan kepada bangsa India. Partai Congress makin besar kekuasannya. Tetapi pertentangan dengna Muslim League makin meruncing juga. Di dalam Partai Congress sendiri timbul perpecahan; sebagian memisahkan dan dibawah pimpinan Subhas Chandra Bose yang sangat popular itu didirikan partai baru.
Pada tanggal 3 September 1939, Inggris menyatakan perang kepada Jerman dan mulailah Perang Dunia Kedua. Partai Congress menyatakan tidak mau bekerja sama dalam peperangan itu, oleh sebab India tidak mau terseret dalam peperangan dengan tiada persetujuannya. Inggris memberikan janji akan memberikan kemerdekaan sesudahnya paerang pada tahun 1940, dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1942, tetapi baik Congress maupun Muslim League menolaknya.
Sementara itu jurang yang memisahkan Hindu dan Islam makin besar. Pada tahun 1940, Jinnah menyatakan bahwa Hindu dan Islam merupakan dua bangsa yang terpisah dan bahwa bangsa Islam harus mempunyai Negara sendiri yang merdeka. Ia menganjurkan berdirinya Pakistan yang terdiri dari Punjab, daerah Afghan, Kashmir, Sind, dan Baluchistan.
Semenjak itu perpecahan antara kaum Muslimin dan kaum Hindu tidak dapat dielakan lagi. Perpecahan itu oleh Pemerintahan Inggris dijadikan alasan untuk menolak tuntutan Congress untuk membentuk pemerintah nasional.
Pada tanggal 8 Agustus 1942, Conggress mengambil keputusan akan mengadakan gerakan masa di seluruh India dalam segala lapangan. Keesokan harinya semua pimpinan Partai Congress ditangkap dan sekali lagi Partai Congress dinyatakan sebagai badan terlarang. Akibatnya seperti biasanya, kekacauan dan kerusuhan hebat timbul diberbagai tempat; kawat telepon diputuskan; rel kereta api dibongkar; percobaan pembunuhan terjadi berkali-kali, pemerintah seperti kebiasaannya juga hanya dapat membalas dengan kekerasan: penangkapan, penembakan, juga dari udara. Dalam lima bulan 60.000 orang ditangkap, 18.000 orang dihukum dengan tiada pemeriksaan, 940 orang terbunuh dan 1.630 orang mendapat luka-luka.
Dalam pada saat bahaya lain mengancam Pemerintah Inggris. Pada tahun 1941 Subhas Chandra Bose berhasil melarikan diri dari india mengadakan perhubungan dengan Jerman dan Jepang. Tatkala Jepang pada permulaan tahun 1942 merebut Semenanjung Melayu beserta benteng Singapore, sejumlah besar serdadu India jatuh dalam tangannya sebagai tawanan perang. Oleh Bose, mereka diorganisir menjadi Tentara Nasional India. Di Singapore dilantiknya Pemerintahan India merdeka dan bersama dengan tentara Jepang, tentara Nasional India pada tahun 1943 menyerbu sampai diperbatasan India.
Pada bulan Mei 194? Mahatma Gandhi dilepaskan dari penjara. Ia mengadakan pembicaraan berturut dengan Jinnah untuk mencapai persetujuan antara kaum Hindu dan kaum Muslimin, tetapi usahanya sia-sia. Lord Wavel yang semenjak bulan Oktober 1943 menjabat gubernur jenderal, pada bulan Maret 1945 terbang ke London dan kembali dengan membawa usul bahwa, kecuali untuk jabatan gubernur jenderal dan panglima tertinggi, seluruh dewan Pemerintah India akan terdiri dari orang-orang bangsa India. Tetapi usul itu tidak dapat dilaksanakan, oleh sebab antara Muslim League dan Congress tidak tercapai persetujuan.
Setelah Jepang menyerah pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1945, Tentara Nasional India dari Bose pun menyerah pula. Bose sendiri beberapa waktu sebelum itu telah tewas dalam kecelakaan pesawat terbang. Beberapa opsirnya oleh pemerintah Inggris dijatuhi hukuman atas tuduhan berkhianat. Tindakan Pemerintah Inggris itu sangat bodoh, sebab dalam mata bangsa India Subhas Chandra Bose tetap seorang pahlawan besar. Dimana diadakan demonstrasi dan angkatan laut, Royal Indian Navy, berontak.
Sementara itu dinegeri inggris Pemerintah Winston Churchill yang konservatif itu jatuh dan diganti denga Pemerintah Labour di bawah pimpinan Attle.
Oleh karena persetujuan antara Muslim League dan Congress tidak juga dapat tercapai, maka dibentuk Dewan Pemerintah dengan tiada wakil pihak League. Kemenangan Congress itu mengakibatkan kerusuhan hebat di Calcutta pada bulan Agustus 1946, yang meminta banyak korban baik dari kaum Hindu maupun kaum Muslim.
Pada bulan September 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru dan temannya disumpah sebagai anggota Dewan Pemerintah Laksamana Mountbatten yang menggantikan Jenderal besar Wavell sebagai gubernur jenderal, pada bulan Juni 1947 mengumumkan cara penyerahan kekuasaan dari tangan Inggris ke tangan India. Sebelum itu Pemerintah Inggris telah mengumumkan akan meninggalkan India sebelum bulan Juni 1948.
Dalam pengumuman Mountbatten itu ditetapkan bahwa kasus Muslimin diperkenankan mendirikan Dominion sendiri. Untuk itu daerah Benggala dan daerah Punjab harus dibagi dalam daerah Hindu dan daerah Islam. Di daerah Barat Laut akan diadakan pemungutan suara untuk menentukan apakah daerah itu hendak ikut India ataukah Pakistan. Dalam sebuah rapat di Delhi pada tanggal 14 menjelang 15 Agustus 1947 tengah malam India diproklamirkan sebagai Negara merdeka di dalam British Commonwealth. Lord mountbatten menjadi gubernur jenderal pertama Dominion India dan Nehru menjadi perdana menteri.
Pada tahun 1948, Mountbatten diganti dengan Rajagopalachari.
Pada tahun 1949 disahkan undang-undang dasar baru yang menetapkan bentuk Republik mulai tanggal 26 Januari 1950. Sebagai presiden pertama dipilih Rajendra Prasad, sedang Nehru tetap menjabat perdana menteri.
Pakistan yang terjadi dari Pakistan Barat dan Pakistan Timur berdiri sebagai Dominion sendiri. Sebagai gubernur jenderal pertama dipilih mohammad Ali Jinnah dan sebagai perdana menteri Liaquat Ali Khan.
Pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1947 sub benua India menjadi dua Negara: India (ibu kota: Delhi) dan Pakistan yang terjadi dari Pakistan Barat (ibu kota: Karachi) dan Pakistan Timur (ibu kota: Dacca).
Sementara itu India harus mengalami hari berkabung. Pada tanggal 30 Januari 1948, Gandhi jatuh sebagai korban pembunuhan.
Bagi India matinya Mahatma Gandhi berarti suatu bencana “Mahatma” artinya “berjiwa besar”. Kebesaran jiwa Gandhi terbuka sampai pada titik sebelum ia menghembuskan nafas penghabisan tatkala ia berpesan supaya jangan dihukum dan bahwa ia memberi ampun kepadanya.
Jinnah yang oleh penganutnya diberi gelar Quaid-I-Azam pun tidak lama ikut menikmati kemerdekaan negaranya. Pada tanggal 11 September 1948 ia meninggal dan diganti oleh Khwajeh Nazimuddin.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english):
India's National Revival and the Struggle for Independence India
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
In the meantime, began to emerge of a national revival movement.We already know that Indians attach great importance to spiritual life. Philosophy of them are very important elements.
Then the national awakening of the Indian nation was not merely a political movement hnedak nature escape the shackles of the UK but is influenced by many inner flow.
In the first level of the national revival movement contains no hostility towards the British. Quite the contrary. The leaders intend to work with the UK for the first attempt ennoble society and eradicate various habits and customs that have been stodgy and using, a strange and harmful. Great leaders are most prominent at that time Raja Rammohan Roy was the in 1828 founded the Brahmin Samaj.
Movement Rammohan Roy primarily focused on efforts to improve the community. First of education people receive full attention. He tried hard to eradicate odd habits such as custom kill babies, particularly girls, children marrying habits that are far below the age, habits that forced sati a widow to commit suicide by jumping in the funeral pyre of her husband, a ban to the widow to remarry.Rammohan Roy a scholar who would really understand western science. In addition, he is also aware of the value sedalamnya Eastern philosophy and culture. In accordance with the universal soul, he teaches the equality of all religions and the unity of God.Allah or God, Shiva or Vishnu or Brahma, it's all different designations of the Almighty God, to be worshiped by every human being. He was also a great poet who gave new life to the Bengali language.
It is among the nation's tentau a conservative India, teachings and Roy's suggestion got a tough challenge, but among the young and those who have had the effect of education and modern life, he saw as a new prophet and quickly got a lot of influence and great influence, he then recognized as the father of India's national revival and in 1933 celebrated the death centenary day across India.
Another is a great philosopher Ramakrishna who also teaches religious unity. Ramakrishna Order became known, not only throughout the world but in the world, because his student services, Swami Vivekananda. Because skill and extraordinary authority, Vivekananda quickly got a lot of followers from all walks of life. In tahun1893 he was invited to attend the Congress of Religions held in Chicago in the United States. His speech about religious unity immediately draw attention, in some places in the United States and then also in Europe established the hostel to study the Ramakrishna order.
People who are very big influence on India's national awakening was Mrs. Annie Besant, leaders of the theosophical movement soon have branches all over India. Theosophical movement revive the ancient religion of India, Annie Besant intent is to instill a sense of pride back in the bosom of the nation of India, build pride and belief in ancient times that day and then get up the ability to build a new nationality. One prominent member of Gopal Krishna Gokhale is theosophy.
The flow eventually lead to a national political movement that was about to come manage the affairs of the State. The movement was mainly led by Surendranath Banerjea and addressed early in the regulations preventing the Indian nation into civil government agencies, Indian Civil Service.
In 1885, Indian National Congres Founded broader program, including the addition of schools also demand and opportunity for the people of India to take responsibility in the central government and local government. But the people sitting in the Indian Civil Service was the conservative establishment and would like to continue to provide a position within the agency for their own comrades. The proposal and petition Congress always ignored.Therefore bored constantly then toyed with some of the Congress under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1906 broke away from the Congress. Since then, the nexus between the Indians and the British government to be tapered and Congress demonstrated hostility towards the government. No one from the Brahmin caste Maratha nation. In his speech he always remind people of the greatness of India Maratha Empire under Shivaji.
Eventually he was arrested and put in jail but it did not break the movement. In the First World War (1914-1918) led by Mrs Annie Besant held and then by Mohamdas Kramchand Gandhi.
England replied development of the national movement in India with the politics of divide et impera, divide. Muslims in fights with people dombakan Hindu nobility by the intelligentsia. Between Islam and Hinduism but there is disagreement over ruled by King Moghul India, the opposition was never pointed to hostility. It is the nature of grace tolerating nation India and Asian nations generally, do not like to antagonize people, therefore, uphold the faith. Rare is the king who tried to force his religion to his harem and other faiths such as for example Aurangzeb. Also during the onset of a national movement in the late nineteenth century, there was no opposition.Movement of Islamic groups, led by Sir Syed Ahmad worked closely with Congress.
But England began to insert the needle a divisive, pitting. Once held a favorable regulatory Islamic groups, harm Hindu group, once again held its perturan the contrary, Hindu groups benefit, harm Islamic groups. In this way the conflict between Hindus and Muslims grew to become adversarial. Gradually raised suspicion and fear among Muslims, that they will be treated ill, when they united with those of Hinduism, Hindu groups therefore much larger, roughly five times the Islamic groups.
In 1899, came the reign of Governor-General of India Lord Curzon, a "strong man" who worked diligently for the betterment of India but did not give heart to the nationalist India. Even though so, the Indian nationalist movement was not a retreat even further overflow otherwise. Curzon left India in 1905 and was replaced by Lord Minto II. Under the government of Lord Minto II that Britain in 1909 was forced memberik just power to the nation of India. The act known as the Morley Minto Reforms (Lord Morley at the then Ministry of Colonies). For the nationalists Morley Minto Reforms unsatisfactory.Indian national struggle goes on and more and more sharply.
Even though so, during the First World War the Indians generally faithful to help Britain. At the time of declared war on Germany, the UK is not yet ready for war. Two divisions of Indian troops to the battlefield Vlaanderen in Belgium. In India alone both men and women volunteered to contribute their labor in a variety of military duty. Soldiers quickly diperbesa india. Various divisions India sent to various battlefields in Mesopotamia, North Africa, Syrians, Palestinians to fight shoulder to shoulder fighting prowess and bravery Indian soldiers are plainly evident. Many Indians were awarded a Victoria Cross, the highest military decoration in the British army.
In World War One and a half million Indian soldiers fought, 26,000 people died, 70,000 people were injured.
Gandhi itself was helping to lead the British Red Cross volunteers comprising of Indians on the battlefield in Europe.
In 1919 representatives of the nation of India, Lord Sinha, participated in the Versailles Peace Treaty signed.
Help India to Britain in the First World War, both in the form of labor or in the form of money, very big. By the British themselves recognized and appreciated it even then. So by the British in 1916 promised Montagu Chelmsford Reforms (Lord Montagu was the Minister of Colonies and Lord Chelsmsford then governor-general of India). In Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were promised that the nation of India would be given more government.
But then it turns out that the British did not occupy that promise.
After the war ended, there arose riots in India, especially in the Northwest, common in the period after the war finished. Riots by the British as a reason for holding harsh policing laws, known as the Rowlatt Act. On the morning of 13 April 1919, many people gathered in the city of Amritsar, too many of them joined the women and children for the purpose of holding a meeting to protest the Rowlatt Act earlier. By the commander of the army in the city, General Dyer, ordered to fire on people who were gathered and helpless. As a result, 379 people died, 1,200 were injured, among them many women and children.
Held in various areas of military rule running terror. There are so many Indians who were arrested, tortured, convicted and sentenced to hang fire. Often also conducted "mopping up" the bombing and shelling from the air.
All that actually excite hatred against the government of the Indian nation. Where held ocher by closing stores as a sign of mourning.
British cruelty instantaneous change attitudes Mahatma Gandhi from friends into enemies. In 1920, he started a non cooperative movement, did not cooperate with the British. He advised the people of India that the government should not go to school, do not want to vote in elections for local councils, and the boycott of British goods. Suggestion was greeted with enthusiasm which lit. British-made baked goods, many leading legal experts such as C. R. Das and Nehru Motial out of government service, where the vent civil disobedience movement for not obeying government regulations.The British government held a major arrest. In 1921, 30,000 political prisoners in jebloskan in prison. Government action is futile. People even feel proud, if caught and put in jail. Since then in 1920 it became the soul of Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement and the Congress appointed the leader of the national movement.
Meanwhile, the nexus between Islam and Hinduism became progressively worse. Between these two groups repeatedly raised percecokkan which often resulted in great fights. United Muslims, Muslim League, getting stronger. But the Congress Party who merely guided by nationalism, which covers all of India, less attentive to the will and ideals of the Islamic groups, one also menaksiran strength and position of the Muslim League. Main Many Muslims were no longer centralize hopes to Mahatma Gandhi, but the leaders themselves. In 1929, Congress held Islam in all over India under the leadership of Jinnah MohammadAli, which set out the demands of the Muslims.
In October 1929, the Governor-General Lord Irwin declared that Britain was about to hold a Round Table Conference in London with representatives of the nation of India to discuss India. Read out that the India will be given to dominion status. But the Congress party under the leadership of Pandit Nehru Jawaharial, son of Motilal Nehru, rejecting the Round Table, and demanded full independence. In December 31, 1929, Pandit Nehru's 12 o'clock at night to raise the national flag of India. Today on January 26, 1930 declared the Independence Day and is celebrated all over India.
In April 1930 the famous Gandhi held his journey to Dandi in western India to make the salt sea shore with the intent to violate the law about the government's salt production on a large scale. Where arises unrest, the Government respond in the usual way: arrest, assault, murder. In less than one year 103 people were killed, 420 wounded dna 60,000 people thrown in jail. Persecution performed blindly on men and women.
The Round Table Conference was opened in London in November 1930 until January 1931; nothing Congress Party representatives who participated. On March 4, 1931 ditandantangani agreement between Gandhi Irwin: Congres will unleash civil disobedience and participate in the Round Table Conference; government would take back the cruel rules and release political prisoners.
The Round Table Conference was opened for the second time, from September to December 1931. Itutidak conference produced nothing. Arriving Gandhi back in India, the government of political persecution run again. Congress responded by reviving the movement of civil disobedience and the boycott of British goods that are very detrimental to the government and the British company.
Gandhi was arrested, Congres party declared legal and political entity outside oppression sharpened by a barbarous manner.
But all was in vain, the national movements remain lit, so the British were forced to make changes padatahun 1935 constitution again and gives better power to Indians. Party Congress greater power.But the opposition Muslim League dengna more tapered as well. In the Congress Party itself arises divisions; partly separate and under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose was a very popular new party founded.
On 3 September 1939, Britain declared war on Germany and the Second World War began. Party Congress states do not cooperate in the war, so India did not want to be sucked into a war with no consent. England gave promise of providing independence after paerang in 1940, and again in 1942, but both Congress and the Muslim League rejected.
Meanwhile gap between Hindus and Muslims bigger. In 1940, Jinnah said that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations and that the Islamic nation must have their own independent state. He advocated the establishment of Pakistan comprising Punjab, Afghan region, Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan.
Since then, the split between Muslims and Hindus is inevitable anymore. The split was by the British Government as a reason for refusing the demands Congress to form a national government.
On August 8, 1942, Congress decided to hold future movements across India in every field. The next day all of the Party Congress were arrested and once again Congress party declared illegal entity. As a result, as usual, great chaos and unrest arise in many places; wire disconnected telephone; dismantled railway; attempted murder happened many times, as his custom was also only the government can reply to violence: arrests, shootings, as well as from the air. In five months 60,000 people were arrested, 18,000 people were convicted with no examination, 940 people were killed and 1,630 people got injured.
In another in times of danger threatening the British Government. In 1941 Subhas Chandra Bose escaped from India held a nexus with Germany and Japan. When Japan at the beginning of the Malay Peninsula in 1942 captured the fort along with Singapore, a large number of Indian soldiers fell into his hands as a prisoner of war. By Bose, they are organized into the Indian National Army. In Singapore inducted independent Government of India and along with the Japanese, the Indian National Army in 1943 stormed up on India.
In May 194? Mahatma Gandhi is released from prison. He successively held talks with Jinnah to reach agreement between the Hindus and the Muslims, but it did not work. Lord Wavel which since October 1943 has served the Governor-General, in March 1945 to fly to London and back with the suggestion that, except for the office of governor-general and commander in chief, the entire board of the Government of India will be made up of people of the nation of India.But the proposal can not be implemented, and therefore between the Muslim League and the Congress no agreement is reached.
After Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, the Indian National Army of Bose gave up anyway. Bose himself some time before it was killed in a plane crash. Some opsirnya by the British government was sentenced on charges of treason. The British government's action is very stupid, because in the eyes of the nation of India Subhas Chandra Bose remains a great hero. Where are held demonstrations and navy, the Royal Indian Navy, revolted.
Meanwhile, in the land of Winston Churchill the British government fell and was replaced conservative premises Labour Government under the leadership of Attle.
Because of the agreement between the Muslim League and the Congress can not be achieved, then the Governing Council formed with representatives of the League no. Congress victory was cause great unrest in Calcutta in August 1946, asking a lot of casualties from both Hindus and Muslims.
In September 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and his Government was sworn in as a member of the Board of Admiral Mountbatten who replaced General Wavell as the Governor-General, in June 1947 announced how the transfer of power from the British to Indian hands. Before that the British Government has announced it will leave India before June 1948.
In the announcement of the Mountbatten was determined that the case of Muslims permitted to establish their own Dominion. For that area of Bengal and the Punjab should be divided into Hindu and Muslim region area. In the Northwest region will be held a vote to determine whether the area was about to join India or Pakistan. In a meeting in Delhi on August 15, 1947 14 before midnight India proclaimed as an independent state within the British Commonwealth. Lord Mountbatten became the first governor-general of the Dominion of India and Nehru as prime minister.
In 1948, Mountbatten replaced by Rajagopalachari.
In 1949 ratified a new constitution that sets the shape of the Republic began on January 26, 1950. Selected as the first president Rajendra Prasad, Nehru was still prime minister.
Pakistan going from West Pakistan and East Pakistan stands alone as Dominion. As the first Governor-General Mohammad Ali Jinnah and selected as prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan.
On August 15 1947 the sub continent of India into two countries: India (capital city: Delhi) and Pakistan are going from West Pakistan (capital city: Karachi) and East Pakistan (capital: Dacca).
Meanwhile, India must be having a day of mourning. On 30 January 1948, Gandhi fell as victims of homicide.
For India the death of Mahatma Gandhi means a disaster "Mahatma" means "great soul". The greatness of Gandhi's life is open to the point before he breathed his final when he ordered that they should be punished and that she forgives him.
Jinnah that by adherents given the title Quaid-I-Azam was not long to enjoy the independence of his country. On 11 September 1948 he died and was replaced by Khwajeh Nazimuddin.
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
In the meantime, began to emerge of a national revival movement.We already know that Indians attach great importance to spiritual life. Philosophy of them are very important elements.
Then the national awakening of the Indian nation was not merely a political movement hnedak nature escape the shackles of the UK but is influenced by many inner flow.
In the first level of the national revival movement contains no hostility towards the British. Quite the contrary. The leaders intend to work with the UK for the first attempt ennoble society and eradicate various habits and customs that have been stodgy and using, a strange and harmful. Great leaders are most prominent at that time Raja Rammohan Roy was the in 1828 founded the Brahmin Samaj.
Movement Rammohan Roy primarily focused on efforts to improve the community. First of education people receive full attention. He tried hard to eradicate odd habits such as custom kill babies, particularly girls, children marrying habits that are far below the age, habits that forced sati a widow to commit suicide by jumping in the funeral pyre of her husband, a ban to the widow to remarry.Rammohan Roy a scholar who would really understand western science. In addition, he is also aware of the value sedalamnya Eastern philosophy and culture. In accordance with the universal soul, he teaches the equality of all religions and the unity of God.Allah or God, Shiva or Vishnu or Brahma, it's all different designations of the Almighty God, to be worshiped by every human being. He was also a great poet who gave new life to the Bengali language.
It is among the nation's tentau a conservative India, teachings and Roy's suggestion got a tough challenge, but among the young and those who have had the effect of education and modern life, he saw as a new prophet and quickly got a lot of influence and great influence, he then recognized as the father of India's national revival and in 1933 celebrated the death centenary day across India.
Another is a great philosopher Ramakrishna who also teaches religious unity. Ramakrishna Order became known, not only throughout the world but in the world, because his student services, Swami Vivekananda. Because skill and extraordinary authority, Vivekananda quickly got a lot of followers from all walks of life. In tahun1893 he was invited to attend the Congress of Religions held in Chicago in the United States. His speech about religious unity immediately draw attention, in some places in the United States and then also in Europe established the hostel to study the Ramakrishna order.
People who are very big influence on India's national awakening was Mrs. Annie Besant, leaders of the theosophical movement soon have branches all over India. Theosophical movement revive the ancient religion of India, Annie Besant intent is to instill a sense of pride back in the bosom of the nation of India, build pride and belief in ancient times that day and then get up the ability to build a new nationality. One prominent member of Gopal Krishna Gokhale is theosophy.
The flow eventually lead to a national political movement that was about to come manage the affairs of the State. The movement was mainly led by Surendranath Banerjea and addressed early in the regulations preventing the Indian nation into civil government agencies, Indian Civil Service.
In 1885, Indian National Congres Founded broader program, including the addition of schools also demand and opportunity for the people of India to take responsibility in the central government and local government. But the people sitting in the Indian Civil Service was the conservative establishment and would like to continue to provide a position within the agency for their own comrades. The proposal and petition Congress always ignored.Therefore bored constantly then toyed with some of the Congress under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1906 broke away from the Congress. Since then, the nexus between the Indians and the British government to be tapered and Congress demonstrated hostility towards the government. No one from the Brahmin caste Maratha nation. In his speech he always remind people of the greatness of India Maratha Empire under Shivaji.
Eventually he was arrested and put in jail but it did not break the movement. In the First World War (1914-1918) led by Mrs Annie Besant held and then by Mohamdas Kramchand Gandhi.
England replied development of the national movement in India with the politics of divide et impera, divide. Muslims in fights with people dombakan Hindu nobility by the intelligentsia. Between Islam and Hinduism but there is disagreement over ruled by King Moghul India, the opposition was never pointed to hostility. It is the nature of grace tolerating nation India and Asian nations generally, do not like to antagonize people, therefore, uphold the faith. Rare is the king who tried to force his religion to his harem and other faiths such as for example Aurangzeb. Also during the onset of a national movement in the late nineteenth century, there was no opposition.Movement of Islamic groups, led by Sir Syed Ahmad worked closely with Congress.
But England began to insert the needle a divisive, pitting. Once held a favorable regulatory Islamic groups, harm Hindu group, once again held its perturan the contrary, Hindu groups benefit, harm Islamic groups. In this way the conflict between Hindus and Muslims grew to become adversarial. Gradually raised suspicion and fear among Muslims, that they will be treated ill, when they united with those of Hinduism, Hindu groups therefore much larger, roughly five times the Islamic groups.
In 1899, came the reign of Governor-General of India Lord Curzon, a "strong man" who worked diligently for the betterment of India but did not give heart to the nationalist India. Even though so, the Indian nationalist movement was not a retreat even further overflow otherwise. Curzon left India in 1905 and was replaced by Lord Minto II. Under the government of Lord Minto II that Britain in 1909 was forced memberik just power to the nation of India. The act known as the Morley Minto Reforms (Lord Morley at the then Ministry of Colonies). For the nationalists Morley Minto Reforms unsatisfactory.Indian national struggle goes on and more and more sharply.
Even though so, during the First World War the Indians generally faithful to help Britain. At the time of declared war on Germany, the UK is not yet ready for war. Two divisions of Indian troops to the battlefield Vlaanderen in Belgium. In India alone both men and women volunteered to contribute their labor in a variety of military duty. Soldiers quickly diperbesa india. Various divisions India sent to various battlefields in Mesopotamia, North Africa, Syrians, Palestinians to fight shoulder to shoulder fighting prowess and bravery Indian soldiers are plainly evident. Many Indians were awarded a Victoria Cross, the highest military decoration in the British army.
In World War One and a half million Indian soldiers fought, 26,000 people died, 70,000 people were injured.
Gandhi itself was helping to lead the British Red Cross volunteers comprising of Indians on the battlefield in Europe.
In 1919 representatives of the nation of India, Lord Sinha, participated in the Versailles Peace Treaty signed.
Help India to Britain in the First World War, both in the form of labor or in the form of money, very big. By the British themselves recognized and appreciated it even then. So by the British in 1916 promised Montagu Chelmsford Reforms (Lord Montagu was the Minister of Colonies and Lord Chelsmsford then governor-general of India). In Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were promised that the nation of India would be given more government.
But then it turns out that the British did not occupy that promise.
After the war ended, there arose riots in India, especially in the Northwest, common in the period after the war finished. Riots by the British as a reason for holding harsh policing laws, known as the Rowlatt Act. On the morning of 13 April 1919, many people gathered in the city of Amritsar, too many of them joined the women and children for the purpose of holding a meeting to protest the Rowlatt Act earlier. By the commander of the army in the city, General Dyer, ordered to fire on people who were gathered and helpless. As a result, 379 people died, 1,200 were injured, among them many women and children.
Held in various areas of military rule running terror. There are so many Indians who were arrested, tortured, convicted and sentenced to hang fire. Often also conducted "mopping up" the bombing and shelling from the air.
All that actually excite hatred against the government of the Indian nation. Where held ocher by closing stores as a sign of mourning.
British cruelty instantaneous change attitudes Mahatma Gandhi from friends into enemies. In 1920, he started a non cooperative movement, did not cooperate with the British. He advised the people of India that the government should not go to school, do not want to vote in elections for local councils, and the boycott of British goods. Suggestion was greeted with enthusiasm which lit. British-made baked goods, many leading legal experts such as C. R. Das and Nehru Motial out of government service, where the vent civil disobedience movement for not obeying government regulations.The British government held a major arrest. In 1921, 30,000 political prisoners in jebloskan in prison. Government action is futile. People even feel proud, if caught and put in jail. Since then in 1920 it became the soul of Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement and the Congress appointed the leader of the national movement.
Meanwhile, the nexus between Islam and Hinduism became progressively worse. Between these two groups repeatedly raised percecokkan which often resulted in great fights. United Muslims, Muslim League, getting stronger. But the Congress Party who merely guided by nationalism, which covers all of India, less attentive to the will and ideals of the Islamic groups, one also menaksiran strength and position of the Muslim League. Main Many Muslims were no longer centralize hopes to Mahatma Gandhi, but the leaders themselves. In 1929, Congress held Islam in all over India under the leadership of Jinnah MohammadAli, which set out the demands of the Muslims.
In October 1929, the Governor-General Lord Irwin declared that Britain was about to hold a Round Table Conference in London with representatives of the nation of India to discuss India. Read out that the India will be given to dominion status. But the Congress party under the leadership of Pandit Nehru Jawaharial, son of Motilal Nehru, rejecting the Round Table, and demanded full independence. In December 31, 1929, Pandit Nehru's 12 o'clock at night to raise the national flag of India. Today on January 26, 1930 declared the Independence Day and is celebrated all over India.
In April 1930 the famous Gandhi held his journey to Dandi in western India to make the salt sea shore with the intent to violate the law about the government's salt production on a large scale. Where arises unrest, the Government respond in the usual way: arrest, assault, murder. In less than one year 103 people were killed, 420 wounded dna 60,000 people thrown in jail. Persecution performed blindly on men and women.
The Round Table Conference was opened in London in November 1930 until January 1931; nothing Congress Party representatives who participated. On March 4, 1931 ditandantangani agreement between Gandhi Irwin: Congres will unleash civil disobedience and participate in the Round Table Conference; government would take back the cruel rules and release political prisoners.
The Round Table Conference was opened for the second time, from September to December 1931. Itutidak conference produced nothing. Arriving Gandhi back in India, the government of political persecution run again. Congress responded by reviving the movement of civil disobedience and the boycott of British goods that are very detrimental to the government and the British company.
Gandhi was arrested, Congres party declared legal and political entity outside oppression sharpened by a barbarous manner.
But all was in vain, the national movements remain lit, so the British were forced to make changes padatahun 1935 constitution again and gives better power to Indians. Party Congress greater power.But the opposition Muslim League dengna more tapered as well. In the Congress Party itself arises divisions; partly separate and under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose was a very popular new party founded.
On 3 September 1939, Britain declared war on Germany and the Second World War began. Party Congress states do not cooperate in the war, so India did not want to be sucked into a war with no consent. England gave promise of providing independence after paerang in 1940, and again in 1942, but both Congress and the Muslim League rejected.
Meanwhile gap between Hindus and Muslims bigger. In 1940, Jinnah said that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations and that the Islamic nation must have their own independent state. He advocated the establishment of Pakistan comprising Punjab, Afghan region, Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan.
Since then, the split between Muslims and Hindus is inevitable anymore. The split was by the British Government as a reason for refusing the demands Congress to form a national government.
On August 8, 1942, Congress decided to hold future movements across India in every field. The next day all of the Party Congress were arrested and once again Congress party declared illegal entity. As a result, as usual, great chaos and unrest arise in many places; wire disconnected telephone; dismantled railway; attempted murder happened many times, as his custom was also only the government can reply to violence: arrests, shootings, as well as from the air. In five months 60,000 people were arrested, 18,000 people were convicted with no examination, 940 people were killed and 1,630 people got injured.
In another in times of danger threatening the British Government. In 1941 Subhas Chandra Bose escaped from India held a nexus with Germany and Japan. When Japan at the beginning of the Malay Peninsula in 1942 captured the fort along with Singapore, a large number of Indian soldiers fell into his hands as a prisoner of war. By Bose, they are organized into the Indian National Army. In Singapore inducted independent Government of India and along with the Japanese, the Indian National Army in 1943 stormed up on India.
In May 194? Mahatma Gandhi is released from prison. He successively held talks with Jinnah to reach agreement between the Hindus and the Muslims, but it did not work. Lord Wavel which since October 1943 has served the Governor-General, in March 1945 to fly to London and back with the suggestion that, except for the office of governor-general and commander in chief, the entire board of the Government of India will be made up of people of the nation of India.But the proposal can not be implemented, and therefore between the Muslim League and the Congress no agreement is reached.
After Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, the Indian National Army of Bose gave up anyway. Bose himself some time before it was killed in a plane crash. Some opsirnya by the British government was sentenced on charges of treason. The British government's action is very stupid, because in the eyes of the nation of India Subhas Chandra Bose remains a great hero. Where are held demonstrations and navy, the Royal Indian Navy, revolted.
Meanwhile, in the land of Winston Churchill the British government fell and was replaced conservative premises Labour Government under the leadership of Attle.
Because of the agreement between the Muslim League and the Congress can not be achieved, then the Governing Council formed with representatives of the League no. Congress victory was cause great unrest in Calcutta in August 1946, asking a lot of casualties from both Hindus and Muslims.
In September 1946, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and his Government was sworn in as a member of the Board of Admiral Mountbatten who replaced General Wavell as the Governor-General, in June 1947 announced how the transfer of power from the British to Indian hands. Before that the British Government has announced it will leave India before June 1948.
In the announcement of the Mountbatten was determined that the case of Muslims permitted to establish their own Dominion. For that area of Bengal and the Punjab should be divided into Hindu and Muslim region area. In the Northwest region will be held a vote to determine whether the area was about to join India or Pakistan. In a meeting in Delhi on August 15, 1947 14 before midnight India proclaimed as an independent state within the British Commonwealth. Lord Mountbatten became the first governor-general of the Dominion of India and Nehru as prime minister.
In 1948, Mountbatten replaced by Rajagopalachari.
In 1949 ratified a new constitution that sets the shape of the Republic began on January 26, 1950. Selected as the first president Rajendra Prasad, Nehru was still prime minister.
Pakistan going from West Pakistan and East Pakistan stands alone as Dominion. As the first Governor-General Mohammad Ali Jinnah and selected as prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan.
On August 15 1947 the sub continent of India into two countries: India (capital city: Delhi) and Pakistan are going from West Pakistan (capital city: Karachi) and East Pakistan (capital: Dacca).
Meanwhile, India must be having a day of mourning. On 30 January 1948, Gandhi fell as victims of homicide.
For India the death of Mahatma Gandhi means a disaster "Mahatma" means "great soul". The greatness of Gandhi's life is open to the point before he breathed his final when he ordered that they should be punished and that she forgives him.
Jinnah that by adherents given the title Quaid-I-Azam was not long to enjoy the independence of his country. On 11 September 1948 he died and was replaced by Khwajeh Nazimuddin.
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