Revolusi Perancis/French Revolution FOR GENERAL HISTORY
Revolusi Perancis
(Sumber: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia Ditengah-tengah Dunia dari Abad keabad. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. (perubahan: Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan/EYD))
Sungguh pun Revolusi Industri di Inggris mengubah sifat masyarakat di sana seluruhnya namun revolusi itu dapat berlangsung dengan lurus dan tidak menimbulkan huru-hara yang besar yang mengakibatkan pertumpahan darah dan kekacauan. Sebabnya adalah oleh karena di Negara Inggris pada masa itu tidak terdapat perbedaan dan pertentangan yang terlalu besar di antara golongan di sana.
Berlainan sekali halnya di Negara Perancis. Di Negara Perancis perbedaan antara golongan yang berkuasa dan rakyat sangat besar, ibarat bumi dan langit. Di sana Raja berkuasa mutlak, tidak dibatasi undang-undang. Raja mendasarkan kekuasaannya atas hak Ketuhanan, droid divine. Ia berpendapat bahwa ia itulah Negara, I’etat c’est moi. Dengan sendirinya ia memandang kas Negara sebagai kas pribadi. Ia mempergunakan perbendaharaan Negara dengan sekehendaknya sendiri dan oleh sebab tidak ada yang meminta pertanggung jawaban, ia pun tidak tahu membatasi diri.
Kekuasaan raja itu didukung oleh kaum ningrat dan kaum padre. Kaum ningrat dan kaum padri itu mendapat hak istimewa dari raja. Maka mereka juga setia membantu raja.
Sebaliknya, rakyat tidak mempunyai hak dan ditindas, baik oleh kaum ningrat maupun oleh kaum padri yang masing memungut bermacam pajak.
Raja Perancis yang terkenal pada masa itu ialah Lous (Baca: luwi) XIV (1643-1715). Ialah yang untuk pertama kali menyatakan paham droit divin dan I’etat c’est moi. Ia menakakan dirinya Roi Soleil, Raja Matahari. Memang pada masa itu Perancis dan ibu kotanya, Paris, memancarkan sinarnya ke seluruh Eropa bagaikan matahari. Perancis pada masa itu mencapai puncak kebesaran dan kemewahan. Louis XIV mendirikan istana beserta taman yang indah seperti umpamanya istana Versailles di luar kota Paris. Kehidupan disekitar Louis XIV serba indah dan mewah. Raja negeri Eropa lainnya membebek segara cara kehidupan dan kebiasaan Perancis. Dimana didirikan “Versailles kecil” yakni istana semacam Istana Versailles.
Tetapi dibalik segala kemewahan dan kegemilangan itu terdapat kemelaratan dan kesengsaraan rakyat yang tertindas yang harus menghasilkan uangnya yang dibutuhkan oleh raja.
Dan Louis XIV butuh uang sangat banyak.
Pertama untuk kemewahan kehidupannya dan untuk membiaya selirnya yang berganti itu. Selir itu terkenal namanya: Louise de Valerie, Madame de Montespan, Ia Comtesse de Pompadour, Madame du Barry, dan lainnya, hamper semua asalnya orang rendah tetapi oleh karena kecantikannya dapat memikat hati Louis XIV dan dinaikkan dalam golongan ningrat. Mereka semua menghamburkan uang dan oleh sebab tidak ada pembatas antara uang pribadi raja dan perbendaharaan Negara maka penghamburan uang itu akhirnya menimpa kepada rakyat. Lagi pula, selir raja ikut aktif mempengaruhi politik Negara, baik politik dalam maupun luar negeri, dan sudah tentu juga pembagian pangkat tinggi-tinggi, baik di lapangan kepegawaian maupun kemiliteran. Akibatnya, banyak orang dari keluarga dan kenalan mereka diangkat menjadi Jenderal, menteri atau pangkat tinggi lain yang menguntungkan, sedang mereka tidak mempunyai kecakapan apa-apa.
Selain daripada itu, untuk menambah kecemerlangan pemerintahannya. Louis XIV sering menjalankan peperangan. Dengan peperangan itu Louis XIV hendak menambah pengaruhnya di Negara Eropa lainnya.
Peperangan itu, seperti lazimnya segala peeprangan, sudah tentu menelan biaya sangat besar. Sehingga akhirnya Perancis yang pada permulaan pemerintah Louis XIV (sekitar tahun 1660) terkenal sebagai Negara paling kaya di seluruh Eropa, pada akhirnya pemerintahan Louis XIV (Tahun 1715) menjadi bangkrut.
Louis XIV diganti oleh Louis XV. Dibawah pemerintah Louis XV, Perancis merosot dengan cepat. Juga Louis XV menghamburkan uang untuk memelihara berbagai selir. Dan sedang Louis XIV dengan segala kelemahan dan kesalahannya tetap dipandang sebagai orang besar, Louis XV tidak mempunyai kecakapan apa-apa. Pemerintah diserahkan seluruhnya kepada menterinya dan ia sendiri selalu berfoya saja.
Sementarai itu pendapat dan paham baru tentang hak-hak manusia, tentang kedaulatan rakyat, tentang hokum dan kewajiban pemerintah yang diajurkan oleh kaum Filsuf Perancis mulai merasuk dikalangan rakyat bayak. Pendapat baru itu dibaca, ditafsirkan dan dipersoalkan dimana-mana. Orang mulai memikir. Orang mulai melihat masyarakat dan perimbangan dalam masyarakat dengan kaya mata baru yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh paham baru itu. Keadaan sehari yang mereka lihat, sangat berlainan dengan paham baru itu. Orang mulai mengerti bahwa mereka ditindas oleh kaum ningrat dan kaum padri dan orang mulai mengerti pulah bahwa kaum ningrat dan kaum padri tidak berhak menindas mereka. Maka lambat laun timbullah rasa beci terhadap orang disekitar istana, kaum ningrat dan kaum padri.
Louis XV meninggal pada tahun 1774 dan digantikan oleh anaknya, Louis XVI. Berlainan dengan ayahnya, Louis XVI berkemauan baik dan hidupnya sederhana.
Tetapi kemunduran Perancis sudah terlalu jauh. Kebencian dan kekecewaan di kalangan rakyat sudah terlalu meluas dan mendalam. Kekecewaan itu teristimewa merajalela dikalangan kaum menengah, yaitu kau pedagang, kaum pengusaha kecil dan kaum terpelajar.
Louis XVI ternyata bukan orang besar, lemah dan tidak cakap. Dengan mudah ia jatuh dibawah pengaruh isterinya, Marie Antoinette. Dan dalam cara menghamburkan uang Marie Antoinette tidak berbeda dengan selir Louis XIV dan Louis XV. Marie Antoinettepun memainkan peranan aktif pula dalam politik.
Sebenarnya kemewahan raja Perancis itu belum apa-apa, jika dibandingkan dengan kemewahan khalifah Bagdad atau raja Moghul di India atau kaisar Tiongkok (China). Dan istana Versailles itu sama sekali tidak dapat dibandingkan dengna Taj Mahal di Agra atau bangunan yang didirikan oleh Akbar. Tetapi negeri Eropa pada waktu itu negeri kecil dan tidak menghasilkan kekayaan seperti dinegeri Timur. Maka kemewahanitu terasa berat sekali bagi rakyatnya.
Louis XVI mengangkat orang cakap untuk menyehatkan keuangan Negara: Turgot dan kemudian Necker. Mereka berusaha sebaiknya, tetapi keuangan negaranya ternyata tidak mungkin di sehatkan lagi.
Keadaan keuangan Negara telah menjadi sedemikian sulitnya hingga akhirnya Louis XVI terpaksa memanggil Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat untuk membicarakan kesulitan keuangan itu dan mencari jalan bagaimana cara memperbaikinya. Peristiwa itu terjadi pada tanggal 5 Mei 1789. Pada hari itu bolehlah dikatakan mulailah Revolusi Perancis. Semenjak hari itu berlangsunglah kejadian hebat bertubi dan mengejutkan yang akhirnya merobohkan kerajaan Perancis.
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Etats Generaux, mewakili ketiga golongan: 300 orang wakil ningrat, 300 orang wakil golongan padri, dan 600 orang wakil golongan ketiga yakni golongan menengah. Raja memanggil Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat itu semata-mata dengan maksud memerintahkan kepada wakilnya itu supaya mencari jalan untuk mendapat uang guna mengisi kas Negara. Kewajiban itu teristimewa dibebankan kepada golongan ketiga. Golongan ini atau kaum menegah itlah yang kemudian lazim disebut kaum bordjuis. Mereka menyanggupkan untuk memberikan uang yang dibutuhkan itu tetapi mengajukan syarat. Syarat itu ialah undang-undang dasar, yang melindungi hak mereka, menetapkan kewajiban pemerintah dan meminta pertanggung jawaban pemerintah tentang pengeluaran uang kepada Dewan. Louis XVI terpaksa menerima baik syarat itu dan hal itu berarti berakhirnya kekuasaan mutlak raja.
Tetapi revolusi yang digerakkan kaum bordjuis itu dalam perkembangannya tidak dapat dikuasai oleh mereka dan menjalar keluar. Rakyat ikut mencebur diri dalam revolusi. Kaum buruh Paris merebut senjata dan menyerbu rumah penjara Bastille, tempat hukuman orang yang menjalankan kejahatan politik. Pintu gerbang Bastille dibuka, dan orang hukuman dikeluarkan oleh rakyat. Peristiwa itu terjadi pada tanggal 14 Juli 1789. Tanggal 14 Juli itu dijadikan Hari Nasional Republik Perancis dan diperingati tiap tahun hingga sekarang.
Api revolusi menjalar juga ke pedalaman. Kaum petani selama hidupnya sengsara dan tertindas dan membakar istana kaum ningrat dan pembesar gereja.
Diantara kaum ningrat dan pembesar gereja itu banyak yang menyingkir keluar negeri. Mereka mengadakan komplotan dengan raja diluar negeri, diantaranya dengan raja di Jerman dan Austria untuk menyerbu Paris dan mengembalikan kekuasaan kaum ningrat dan kaum padri. Louis XIV pun pada tahun 1791 hendak menyingkir pula tetapi ditengah jalan ia tertangkap dan dibawa kembali ke Paris.
Sementara itu dikalangan kaum revolusioner timbul perpecahan yang makin lama makin meruncing antara kaum Feuillant (baca fui-yang), kaum Gironding dan kaum Jacobin. Sifat revolusi kian hari makin radikal. Semua gelar dihapuskan dan diganti dengan satu gelar baru: citoyen (baca: si-toa-yang), yang artinya: penduduk kot, dan kira sama dengan bahasa kita “Saudara”. Semboyan revolusi ialah: Liberte, Egalitem Fraternite (Kemerdekaan, persaman, Persaudaraan). Pada masa itu lahir pula lagu kebangsaan Marseillaisem yang meyalakan semangat para prajurit revolusi yang baru terbentuk.
Setelah baya diluar makin nyata dan tentara negeri Eropa lainnya mulai melintasi batas negeri bahkan Bandar Toulon diduduki oleh armada Inggris maka kekuasaan direbut oleh golongan yang paling radikal yakni kaum Jacobin dibawah pimpinan Robespierre.
Setahun lamanya, dari bulan Juli tahun 1793 sampai bulan Juli tahun 1794, Robespierre mengadakan terror. Semua golongan yang menentang dia dibasmi. Beribu orang ditangkapi dan dihukum mati. Hukuman itu dijalankan dengan pisau besar, guillotine (pendapat Dr Guillotin) yang dijatuhkan atas leher korban. Terror itu tidak hanya ditunjukkan kepada pihak reaksioner melainkan lebih kepada kaum revoluisioner sendiri yang tidak setuju dengan politik Robespierre. Bahkan pemimpin yang terkemuka seperti Hebert, Desmoulins dan Danton tidak luput dari hukuman guillotine. Dalam masa terror itu nyata sekali kebenaran yang mengatakan bahwa “Revolusi memakan anak-anaknya sendiri”.
Pada tahun 1793 itu juga dijatuhlah kepada Louis XVI dan permaisurinya dibawah guillotine, setelah terbukti bahwa mereka berhubungan dengan musuh di luar negeri: Louis XVI pada bulan Januari, Marie Antoinette pada bulan Oktober.
Tetapi dalam pada itu rakyat Perancis lambat laun jemu dengan pertunjukan hukuman mati yang tidak ada hentinya dan telah mengakibatkan tewasnya beribu orang itu, apalagi setelah tentara revolusi berhasil menghalaukan musuh. Orang yang merasa terancam jiwanya seperti umpamanya Fouche, kepala polisi rahasia, mengadakan maker; Robespierre ditangkap dan harus mengakhiri hidupnya dibawah guillotine pula.
Setelah itu timbullaah Teror Putih yang mengejar mereka yang dahulu terkenal sebagai radikal.
Terror Putih itu tidak berlangsung lama. Revolusi menjadi reda dan datanglah jaman yang terkenal sebagai zaman Directoire (1795-1799). Pada jaman Directoire itu kekuasaan pemerintah tertinggi ada ditangan 5 orang direktur. Zaman Directoire itu adalah jaman persengkongkolan dan percekcokan antara kaum politik yang berebut kekuasaan.
Yang naik bintangnya dan menempuh jalan cemerlang pada masa itu adalah tentara. Sebelum revolusi, tentara Perancis, seperti juga halnya dengan tentara Eropa lainnya padam asa itu, terjadi dari serdadu sewaan dari berbagai kebangsaan. Tentara revolusi berlainan sekali sifatnya. Ia terjadi dari pemuda Perancis sendiri yang tetap percaya pada dasar revolusi dan menyala semangatnya. Tentara Revolusi Perancis adala tentara nasional pertama di Eropa.
Para prajurit dan tentara itu percaya bahwa mereka mempunyai panggilan untuk menyebarkan paham revolusi keluar batas negeri Perancis. Mereka menyerbu keluar: ke negeri Belanda, ke Jerman, dan ke Italia. Tentara itu dipimpin oleh jenderal muda.
Napoleon Bonarpate adalah salah satu jenderal muda itu. Meski pun baru berusia 26 tahun, ia diserahi pimpinan tertinggi tentara yang menyerbu ke Italia. Dengan cepat dalam berbagai pertempuran berturut-turut Napoleon mencapai kemenangan gemilang atas tentara Italia. Tentara Kaisar Austria yang dating menolong dipukul mundur sehingga Austria terpaksa menerima perjanjian perdamaian (di Campo Formio pada tahun 1797) yang sangat merugikan bagi Austria.
Bintang Napoleon naik dengan seketika. Atas usulnya, tentara Perancis dibawah pimpinannya menyerbu ke Mesir dengna maksud untuk menyerbu terus ke Asia Kecil dan mungkin ke India untuk memukul Inggris di sana. Tentara bangsa Mameluk yang berkuasa di Mesir dengan mudah dihancurkannya tetapi angkatan laut dibinasakan di Aboukir oleh armada Inggris dibawah pimpinan laksamana Nelson.
Setelah Napoleon mendengar bahwa di Perancis timbul kekacauan maka pimpinan tentara di Mesir serahkan kepada orang lain. Ia sendiri kembali ke Paris. Di sana ia melihat bahwa orang telah jemu dengan revolusi dan dengan keadaan tidak stabil yang disebabkan oleh kelemahan dan keraguan Directoire, orang mengharapkan pimpinan “orang kuat”.
Dengan cepat Napoleon mengambil keputusan. Pemerintah Directoire digulingkannya; dengan tentaranya ia masuk ke gedung Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dan anggotanya diusirnya. Didirikan pemerintah baru: Konsulat, dengna dia sendiri sebagai Konsul pertama (tahun 1799). Pada tahun 1799 itu juga diumumkan Undang-undang Dasar baru. Rakyat yang telah kehilangan kepercayaan akan cita-cita revolusi, setelah 10 tahun lamanya mengalami kekacauan dan dipermainkan oleh kaum politik dalam pemungutan suara menerima Undang-undang Dasar itu. Demikian lenyaplah cita-cita revolusi dan mulailah diktaktor militer.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english):
French Revolution
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
It was the Industrial Revolution in England changed the whole nature of the people there, but the revolution can take place with straight and not cause a major riot that resulted in bloodshed and chaos. The reason is because in the UK at that time there was no difference and disagreement between the groups are too big there.
Completely different case in the French State. In the French State the differences between the ruling class and the people are very large, like the earth and sky. There the king absolute power, is not restricted by law. King based his power over the rights of Godhead, divine droid. He thinks that he is the State, c'est moi I'etat. Naturally he considers state treasury as a personal cash.He used state treasury at will own and therefore no one hold accountable, he does not know self-limiting.
The power of the king was supported by the nobility and the padre. The nobility and the Padri it gets the privilege of kings. So they are also faithful to help the king.
Instead, people have no right and suppressed, both by the nobility and by the Padri who each collect various taxes.
The famous French king at the time was Lous (Read: Luwi) XIV (1643-1715). It was he who first declared understand droit divin and I'etat c'est moi. He menakakan himself Roi Soleil, the Sun King. Indeed at that time France and its capital, Paris, radiate light throughout Europe as the sun. France at the time it reached the peak of greatness and luxury. Louis XIV founded the castle and its beautiful gardens such as for example the palace of Versailles outside Paris. Life of Louis XIV all-around beautiful and luxurious. Raja other European countries soon parroting the French way of life and customs. Where established "little Versailles" ie a sort of palace of Versailles Palace.
But behind all the glitz and glory of it there is poverty and misery of the oppressed who must produce the money needed by the king.
And Louis XIV needed money very much.
First for luxury life and concubines to finance the change was.Concubines famous name: Louise de Valerie, Madame de Montespan, Comtesse de Pompadour He, Madame du Barry, and others, almost all of the original low but because beauty can captivate Louis XIV and raised in the class of nobles. They are all a waste of money and therefore there is no barrier between the king's private money and the state treasury a waste of money it ultimately befall the people. Anyway, the king's concubines participated actively influence state politics, both domestic and foreign politics, and of course also the distribution of high rank, both in the field as well as military personnel. As a result, many people from their families and acquaintances appointed General, ministers or other high rank profitable, while they do not have any skills.
Other than that, to increase the brilliance of his administration.Louis XIV often run the war. With the battle was about to add to Louis XIV influence in other European countries.
The battle was, as usual everything peeprangan, is certainly a very large cost. So finally the French government at the beginning of Louis XIV (circa 1660) is famous as the richest country in the whole of Europe, in the end the reign of Louis XIV (Year 1715) became insolvent.
Louis XIV was replaced by Louis XV. Government under Louis XV, France deteriorated rapidly. Louis XV was also spending money to maintain multiple concubines. And being Louis XIV with all his faults and weaknesses remain regarded as a great man, Louis XV did not have any skills. The government is left entirely to the minister and he himself always riotous only.
Sementarai's opinion and a new understanding about human rights, about the sovereignty of the people, about the law and the obligations of the government that is recommended by the French philosopher began to penetrate among the people of stout. The new opinion is read, interpreted and questioned everywhere. People start thinking. People began to see the people and the balance in the community with new eyes rich are deeply affected by the new understanding. They see everyday circumstances, very different from the new understanding. People began to understand that they are oppressed by the nobility and the Padri and pulah that people begin to understand the nobility and the Padri no right to oppress them. Then gradually arose a sense BECI against people around the palace, the nobility and the Padri.
Louis XV died in 1774 and was succeeded by his son, Louis XVI. Unlike his father, Louis XVI of good will and simple life.
But the decline of the French gone too far. Resentment and frustration among the people were too wide and deep.Disappointment was rampant especially among the middle class, that is you trader, small business people and scholars.
Louis XVI was not a great man, weak and incompetent. He easily fell under the influence of his wife, Marie Antoinette. And in a way to waste money is no different from Marie Antoinette concubines Louis XIV and Louis XV. Marie Antoinettepun also played an active role in politics.
Actually the luxury of the French king was not anything compared to the Baghdad caliphs or kings luxury Moghul emperors in India or China (China). And the palace of Versailles was not at all be compared dengna Taj Mahal in Agra or buildings built by Akbar.But European countries at that time a small country and does not produce wealth like land of the East. So kemewahanitu feels heavy for its people.
Louis XVI appoint competent people to make healthy state finances: Turgot and then Necker. They seek better, but the financial state was not possible in Sehatkan again.
State financial situation has become so difficult that eventually forced Louis XVI to call the House of Representatives to discuss the financial difficulties and find a way how to fix them. The incident occurred on May 5, 1789. The day was so-so say the French Revolution began. Since that day the incident took place was great and surprisingly insistent that eventually topple the kingdom of France.
House of Representatives, Etats Generaux, representing three groups: 300 people representative of nobility, 300 Padri representative groups, and 600 representatives of the three groups namely the middle class. The king summoned the House of Representatives was solely for the purpose of ordering the deputy's order to find a way to get the money to fill the state treasury. Liability was especially charged to the third group. This group or the medium itlah then commonly called the bourgeois.They promise to provide the money needed it but conditions apply. Terms it is the constitution that protects their rights, establish the obligation of governments and hold accountable the government spending money to the Council. Louis XVI was forced to accept the terms and that means the end of the absolute power of the king.
But the bourgeois revolution was driven in its development can not be controlled by them and spread out. People take part in the revolution plunge. The workers of Paris seized weapons and stormed the Bastille prison, a punishment people who run political crimes. Bastille gates opened, and the penalties incurred by the people. The incident occurred on July 14, 1789. On 14 July it was used as the National Day of the Republic of France and commemorated every year until now.
The fire also spread to the interior of the revolution. The farmer during his life miserable and oppressed and burned the palace of the nobility and church leaders.
Among the nobles and princes of the church, many are away out of the country. They held a conspiracy with the king outside the country, including the king in Germany and Austria to invade Paris and restore the power of the nobility and the Padri. Louis XIV was about to step aside in 1791 as well but half way through he was caught and brought back to Paris.
Meanwhile, divisions arose among the revolutionaries that the longer the taper between the Feuillant (read fui-a), the Gironding and the Jacobins. The nature of the more days the more radical revolution. All titles abolished and replaced with a new title: Citoyen (read: si-toa-a), which means: the tow, and about the same as the language of our "brother". Revolution motto is: Liberte, Fraternite Egalitem (Independence, equation, Brotherhood). At that time also born Marseillaisem anthems that fire up the spirit of the newly formed revolutionary soldiers.
After getting a real-life beyond other European countries and the army began to cross the border country and even airport Toulon was occupied by the British fleet captured by the power of the most radical groups that the Jacobins led by Robespierre.
A year, from July 1793 until July 1794, Robespierre held terror. All groups who oppose him exterminated. Thousands of people were rounded up and executed. The sentence was carried out with a large knife, guillotine (to Dr. Guillotin) imposed on the victim's neck. Terror was not only shown to the reactionary but rather the people themselves revoluisioner who disagree with the politics Robespierre. Even prominent leaders like Hebert, Desmoulins and Danton did not escape punishment guillotine. In times of terror is real truth once said that "the revolution eating its own children."
In 1793 it also dijatuhlah to Louis XVI and his queen under the guillotine, having proved that they are dealing with an enemy abroad: Louis XVI in January, Marie Antoinette in October.
But in the meantime the French people eventually tire of the death penalty shows no letup, and has resulted in the deaths of thousands of people, especially after the army successfully dispelled the enemies of the revolution. People who feel threatened his life such as for example Fouche, head of the secret police, conducting maker; Robespierre was arrested and had to end his life under the guillotine anyway.
After that timbullaah White Terror that pursues those who were known as radicals.
White Terror did not last long. The revolution came to be eased and the era known as the Directoire era (1795-1799). At the time it Directoire highest government power is in the hands five directors. Directoire Period is the time between the conspiracy and the political strife for power.
The climb up the path of the star and brilliant at the time it was the army. Before the revolution, the French army, as well as with other European soldiers extinguished hope that, going from hired soldiers of various nationalities. Completely different nature revolutionary army. It occurs from the French youth themselves who continue to believe on the basis of the revolution and the burning spirit. French Revolutionary Army adala first national army in Europe.
The soldiers and the soldiers believe they have a calling to spread the revolution, the French country out of bounds. They stormed out: to the Netherlands, to Germany, and Italy. The army was led by a young general.
Napoleon Bonarpate is one of the young general. Even though 26 years old, he was given the highest leader of soldiers stormed into Italy. Rapidly in many successive battles Napoleon achieved a resounding victory over the Italians. Emperor of Austria army repelled a dating aid that Austria was forced to accept a peace treaty (in Campo Formio in 1797) which is very detrimental to Austria.
Napoleon's star rose immediately. Top origins, the French army invaded Egypt under the leadership dengna intent to continue to invade Asia Minor and possibly to India to hit the UK in there.Soldiers nation's ruling Egyptian Mameluke easily destroyed but the navy destroyed in Aboukir by the British fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson.
After Napoleon heard that in France raised chaos then led the army in Egypt leave to others. He himself returned to Paris. There he saw that the people were tired of the revolution and the instability caused by the weakness and indecisiveness Directoire, people expect leadership "strong man".
Napoleon quickly make decisions. Directoire government overthrow; with his army he entered the House of Representatives and its members expelled. Established new government: Consulate, dengna himself as first Consul (1799). In 1799 it was also announced new Constitution. People who have lost their belief in the ideals of the revolution, after 10 years in chaos and manipulated by the political polling Constitution accept it. So gone are the ideals of the revolution and the start of military dictatorship.
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
It was the Industrial Revolution in England changed the whole nature of the people there, but the revolution can take place with straight and not cause a major riot that resulted in bloodshed and chaos. The reason is because in the UK at that time there was no difference and disagreement between the groups are too big there.
Completely different case in the French State. In the French State the differences between the ruling class and the people are very large, like the earth and sky. There the king absolute power, is not restricted by law. King based his power over the rights of Godhead, divine droid. He thinks that he is the State, c'est moi I'etat. Naturally he considers state treasury as a personal cash.He used state treasury at will own and therefore no one hold accountable, he does not know self-limiting.
The power of the king was supported by the nobility and the padre. The nobility and the Padri it gets the privilege of kings. So they are also faithful to help the king.
Instead, people have no right and suppressed, both by the nobility and by the Padri who each collect various taxes.
The famous French king at the time was Lous (Read: Luwi) XIV (1643-1715). It was he who first declared understand droit divin and I'etat c'est moi. He menakakan himself Roi Soleil, the Sun King. Indeed at that time France and its capital, Paris, radiate light throughout Europe as the sun. France at the time it reached the peak of greatness and luxury. Louis XIV founded the castle and its beautiful gardens such as for example the palace of Versailles outside Paris. Life of Louis XIV all-around beautiful and luxurious. Raja other European countries soon parroting the French way of life and customs. Where established "little Versailles" ie a sort of palace of Versailles Palace.
But behind all the glitz and glory of it there is poverty and misery of the oppressed who must produce the money needed by the king.
And Louis XIV needed money very much.
First for luxury life and concubines to finance the change was.Concubines famous name: Louise de Valerie, Madame de Montespan, Comtesse de Pompadour He, Madame du Barry, and others, almost all of the original low but because beauty can captivate Louis XIV and raised in the class of nobles. They are all a waste of money and therefore there is no barrier between the king's private money and the state treasury a waste of money it ultimately befall the people. Anyway, the king's concubines participated actively influence state politics, both domestic and foreign politics, and of course also the distribution of high rank, both in the field as well as military personnel. As a result, many people from their families and acquaintances appointed General, ministers or other high rank profitable, while they do not have any skills.
Other than that, to increase the brilliance of his administration.Louis XIV often run the war. With the battle was about to add to Louis XIV influence in other European countries.
The battle was, as usual everything peeprangan, is certainly a very large cost. So finally the French government at the beginning of Louis XIV (circa 1660) is famous as the richest country in the whole of Europe, in the end the reign of Louis XIV (Year 1715) became insolvent.
Louis XIV was replaced by Louis XV. Government under Louis XV, France deteriorated rapidly. Louis XV was also spending money to maintain multiple concubines. And being Louis XIV with all his faults and weaknesses remain regarded as a great man, Louis XV did not have any skills. The government is left entirely to the minister and he himself always riotous only.
Sementarai's opinion and a new understanding about human rights, about the sovereignty of the people, about the law and the obligations of the government that is recommended by the French philosopher began to penetrate among the people of stout. The new opinion is read, interpreted and questioned everywhere. People start thinking. People began to see the people and the balance in the community with new eyes rich are deeply affected by the new understanding. They see everyday circumstances, very different from the new understanding. People began to understand that they are oppressed by the nobility and the Padri and pulah that people begin to understand the nobility and the Padri no right to oppress them. Then gradually arose a sense BECI against people around the palace, the nobility and the Padri.
Louis XV died in 1774 and was succeeded by his son, Louis XVI. Unlike his father, Louis XVI of good will and simple life.
But the decline of the French gone too far. Resentment and frustration among the people were too wide and deep.Disappointment was rampant especially among the middle class, that is you trader, small business people and scholars.
Louis XVI was not a great man, weak and incompetent. He easily fell under the influence of his wife, Marie Antoinette. And in a way to waste money is no different from Marie Antoinette concubines Louis XIV and Louis XV. Marie Antoinettepun also played an active role in politics.
Actually the luxury of the French king was not anything compared to the Baghdad caliphs or kings luxury Moghul emperors in India or China (China). And the palace of Versailles was not at all be compared dengna Taj Mahal in Agra or buildings built by Akbar.But European countries at that time a small country and does not produce wealth like land of the East. So kemewahanitu feels heavy for its people.
Louis XVI appoint competent people to make healthy state finances: Turgot and then Necker. They seek better, but the financial state was not possible in Sehatkan again.
State financial situation has become so difficult that eventually forced Louis XVI to call the House of Representatives to discuss the financial difficulties and find a way how to fix them. The incident occurred on May 5, 1789. The day was so-so say the French Revolution began. Since that day the incident took place was great and surprisingly insistent that eventually topple the kingdom of France.
House of Representatives, Etats Generaux, representing three groups: 300 people representative of nobility, 300 Padri representative groups, and 600 representatives of the three groups namely the middle class. The king summoned the House of Representatives was solely for the purpose of ordering the deputy's order to find a way to get the money to fill the state treasury. Liability was especially charged to the third group. This group or the medium itlah then commonly called the bourgeois.They promise to provide the money needed it but conditions apply. Terms it is the constitution that protects their rights, establish the obligation of governments and hold accountable the government spending money to the Council. Louis XVI was forced to accept the terms and that means the end of the absolute power of the king.
But the bourgeois revolution was driven in its development can not be controlled by them and spread out. People take part in the revolution plunge. The workers of Paris seized weapons and stormed the Bastille prison, a punishment people who run political crimes. Bastille gates opened, and the penalties incurred by the people. The incident occurred on July 14, 1789. On 14 July it was used as the National Day of the Republic of France and commemorated every year until now.
The fire also spread to the interior of the revolution. The farmer during his life miserable and oppressed and burned the palace of the nobility and church leaders.
Among the nobles and princes of the church, many are away out of the country. They held a conspiracy with the king outside the country, including the king in Germany and Austria to invade Paris and restore the power of the nobility and the Padri. Louis XIV was about to step aside in 1791 as well but half way through he was caught and brought back to Paris.
Meanwhile, divisions arose among the revolutionaries that the longer the taper between the Feuillant (read fui-a), the Gironding and the Jacobins. The nature of the more days the more radical revolution. All titles abolished and replaced with a new title: Citoyen (read: si-toa-a), which means: the tow, and about the same as the language of our "brother". Revolution motto is: Liberte, Fraternite Egalitem (Independence, equation, Brotherhood). At that time also born Marseillaisem anthems that fire up the spirit of the newly formed revolutionary soldiers.
After getting a real-life beyond other European countries and the army began to cross the border country and even airport Toulon was occupied by the British fleet captured by the power of the most radical groups that the Jacobins led by Robespierre.
A year, from July 1793 until July 1794, Robespierre held terror. All groups who oppose him exterminated. Thousands of people were rounded up and executed. The sentence was carried out with a large knife, guillotine (to Dr. Guillotin) imposed on the victim's neck. Terror was not only shown to the reactionary but rather the people themselves revoluisioner who disagree with the politics Robespierre. Even prominent leaders like Hebert, Desmoulins and Danton did not escape punishment guillotine. In times of terror is real truth once said that "the revolution eating its own children."
In 1793 it also dijatuhlah to Louis XVI and his queen under the guillotine, having proved that they are dealing with an enemy abroad: Louis XVI in January, Marie Antoinette in October.
But in the meantime the French people eventually tire of the death penalty shows no letup, and has resulted in the deaths of thousands of people, especially after the army successfully dispelled the enemies of the revolution. People who feel threatened his life such as for example Fouche, head of the secret police, conducting maker; Robespierre was arrested and had to end his life under the guillotine anyway.
After that timbullaah White Terror that pursues those who were known as radicals.
White Terror did not last long. The revolution came to be eased and the era known as the Directoire era (1795-1799). At the time it Directoire highest government power is in the hands five directors. Directoire Period is the time between the conspiracy and the political strife for power.
The climb up the path of the star and brilliant at the time it was the army. Before the revolution, the French army, as well as with other European soldiers extinguished hope that, going from hired soldiers of various nationalities. Completely different nature revolutionary army. It occurs from the French youth themselves who continue to believe on the basis of the revolution and the burning spirit. French Revolutionary Army adala first national army in Europe.
The soldiers and the soldiers believe they have a calling to spread the revolution, the French country out of bounds. They stormed out: to the Netherlands, to Germany, and Italy. The army was led by a young general.
Napoleon Bonarpate is one of the young general. Even though 26 years old, he was given the highest leader of soldiers stormed into Italy. Rapidly in many successive battles Napoleon achieved a resounding victory over the Italians. Emperor of Austria army repelled a dating aid that Austria was forced to accept a peace treaty (in Campo Formio in 1797) which is very detrimental to Austria.
Napoleon's star rose immediately. Top origins, the French army invaded Egypt under the leadership dengna intent to continue to invade Asia Minor and possibly to India to hit the UK in there.Soldiers nation's ruling Egyptian Mameluke easily destroyed but the navy destroyed in Aboukir by the British fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson.
After Napoleon heard that in France raised chaos then led the army in Egypt leave to others. He himself returned to Paris. There he saw that the people were tired of the revolution and the instability caused by the weakness and indecisiveness Directoire, people expect leadership "strong man".
Napoleon quickly make decisions. Directoire government overthrow; with his army he entered the House of Representatives and its members expelled. Established new government: Consulate, dengna himself as first Consul (1799). In 1799 it was also announced new Constitution. People who have lost their belief in the ideals of the revolution, after 10 years in chaos and manipulated by the political polling Constitution accept it. So gone are the ideals of the revolution and the start of military dictatorship.
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