Revolusi Industri/Industrial Revolution FOR GENERAL HISTORY
Revolusi Industri
(Sumber: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia Ditengah-tengah Dunia dari Abad keabad. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. (perubahan: Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan/EYD))
Revolusi Industri dinegeri Inggris disebabkan oleh didapatkannya mesin. Sebelum itu dinegeri Inggris dan juga dinegara Eropa lainnya barang keperluan orang dibuat dengan tangan oleh tukang dengan mempergunakan alat sederhana. Orang yang memerlukan sesuatu barang dating memesan dan membeli pada tukang yang bersangkutan dalam desanya atau kotanya masing-masing.
Dengan adanya mesin itu orang dapat membuat banyak barang dengan cepat, sehingga melebihi kebutuhan dalam kota itu sendiri dan harus dijual di kota atau daerah lain.
Mesin itu mula dijalankan dengan tangan atau oleh binatang kemudian dengan arus air. Sampai pada tahun 1776 James Watt berhasil membuat mesin uap. Mesin itu dijalankan oleh uap yang diperoleh dari air mendidih di dalam ketel besar. Sebagai bahan bakar mula dipergunakan kayu tetapi kemudian batu bara yang banyak sekali terdapat di Inggris Tengah. Dengan adanya mesin uap itu orang tidak perlu lagi mendirikan pabriknya di tepi sungai.
Demikian timbullah berbagai industry yang lambat alun mendesak kerajinan tangan di desa dan kota.
Mesin itu dapat membikin barang itu dengan cepat dan murah. Tukang tidak dapat bersaing dengan pabrik itu. Mereka terpaksa menutup perusahaannya, dan menjadi buruh di pabrik itu.
Perindustrian terbesar pada waktu itu ialah perindustrian tekstil. Pusatnya di kota Manchester dan Liverpool di daerah Lancashire. Bahanya, kapas, diambil dari koloni Inggris di Amerika Utara bagian selatan.
Industry di negeri Inggris itu makin lama makin luas. Pabrik makin banyak dan makin besar.
Sejalan dengan itu kebutuhan akan buruh bertambah pula. Mula yang menjadi buruh para tukang ahli yang harus menutup perusahaannya oleh karena tidak dapat bersaingan dengan pabrik itu. Tetapi dengan berbagai perbaikan yang diadakan oleh mesin itu, orang lama-lama tidak perlu lagi akan tenaga ahli. Pekerjaan dipabrik menjadi mudah terutama oleh sebab diadakan pembagian pekerjaan sehingga buruh hanya mengerjakan suatu bagian pekerjaan yang tertentu. Pekerjaan itu dapat dikerjakan oleh sembarang orang, juga orang yang sudah lanjut usianya dan kaum wanita bahkan anak-anak yang masih dibawah umur.
Justru oleh karena tenaga belakangan ini murah maka makin lama makin banyak wanita dan orang tua dan anak-anak kecil menjadi buruh.
Kehidupan kaum buruh itu sangat menyedihkan. Jaminan sama sekali tidak ada. Waktu bekerja sangat lama, lebih dari 12 jam. Berbagai pabrik bekerja siang-malam terus menerus. Keadaan yang paling mengerikan ialah ditambang batu bara. Sering kali terjadi peledakan di dalam tambang itu sehingga banyak orang mati terpendam di bawah runtuhan tanah.
Revolusi Industri pada pertengahan abad XVIII itu mengubah seluruhnya muka dan susunan masyarakat. Kaum pengusaha kecil yang memiliki alatnya sendiri dan membuat barang untuk keperluan penduduk di desa dan kotanya masing-masing terdesak dan lambat laun lenyap dari masyarakat. Yang timbul ialah kaum majikan besar yang memiliki pabrik yang membuat barang-barang, tidak lagi untuk memenuhi pesanan penduduk desa atau kota melainkan untuk pasar, mulanya pasar di dalam negeri sendiri kemudian dipasar dunia.
Di samping golongan lama: ningrat, pembesar gereja dan rakyat, timbul golongan baru yang bersifat semata-mata ekonomis. Golongan baru itu disebut kelas. Dua kelas baru timbul: kelas majikan dan kelas proletariat. Kelas majikan ialah kaum pengusaha yang memiliki perusahan besar, pabrik dan sebagainya. Kelas majikan yang menguasai barang, menguasai perdagangan dan menetapkan harga barang. Kelas proletariat tidak ikut memiliki pabrik dan barang hasil pabrik itu. Mereka hanya mempunyai tenaganya yang dijualnya kepada kaum majikan. Kehidupan kelas proletariat sangat sengsara.
Antara kelas majikan dan kelas proletariat itu terdapat pertentangan yang semata berdasar atas kepentingan perekonomian. Kaum majikan berpendirian bahwa kaum proletariat harus dibayar serendahnya agar supaya ongkos bikinan barangnya juga serendahnya, sehingga mereka mendapat keuntungan sebesarnya. Sedang kaum proletariat ingin mendapat gaji setingginya dan mendapat jaminan dalam hal kecelakaan, sakit, hari tua dan sebagainya. Bagi kaum majikan sangat penting untuk berusaha supaya produksi barangnya makin banyak dan harganya tetap tinggi. Sedang kaum proletariat mengenai banyaknya produksi dan harga barang itu tidak mempunyai kepentingan sama sekali, oleh karena mereka tidak mendapat bagian apa-apa dari keuntungan. Pertentangan antara majikan dan buruh itu meliputi seluruh sejarah Eropa semenjak pertengahan abad XVIII hingga sekarang dan makin lama menjadi tajam dan runcing.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english):
Industrial Revolution
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
British Industrial Revolution due to the acquisition of the land of the machine. Prior to that land of Britain and other European country the consumer goods are made by hand by artisans by using simple tools. People who need something dating goods ordered and purchased at the relevant artisan in the village or town of each.
With the machine that people can make a lot of stuff quickly, thus exceeding the needs of the city itself and should be sold in the city or elsewhere.
The machine was first carried out by hand or by animals, then the flow of water. Until in 1776 James Watt steam engine successfully made. The machine was run by steam obtained from the boiling water in a large kettle. As fuel wood used initially but then coal are abundant in central England. With the steam engine that people no longer need to set up a factory on the banks of the river.
Thus arises the various industries that are slow pressing square handicrafts in villages and towns.
The machine can make the goods quickly and cheaply.Handyman can not compete with the factory. They were forced to close the company, and a worker at the plant.
Industry is the largest at that time the textile industry. The headquarters are in the city of Manchester and Liverpool in the Lancashire area. Is a danger, cotton, taken from the British colonies in North America to the south.
Industry in British state was getting more and more widespread.Plant more and more and more great.
In line with the need for labor increased as well. At the labor of the craftsman who had to close because the company could not compete with the factory. But with a variety of improvements that are held by the machine, the long-time no longer need to be experts. Work dipabrik be easy, especially because of the division of labor so that workers held only do a certain piece of work. The job can be done by anyone, also people who are advanced in years, and women and even children who are under age.
Precisely because it is cheap labor these days more and more women and older people and small children into labor.
Life of the workers was very sad. There is no guarantee at all.Working very long time, more than 12 hours. Various factories working day and night continuously. The most horrific circumstances of coal is mined. Often occurs in the mine explosion was so many dead people buried under the rubble of ground.
Industrial Revolution in the mid-eighteenth century it changed the whole face and the fabric of society. The small business owners who have their own tools and making items for the purposes of population in villages and towns each pressed and gradually disappeared from the public. That arises is that the major employers that have factories that make goods, no longer to fill orders villagers or city but for the market, first market in their own country and then the world market.
In addition to class time: nobles, princes of the church and the people, arose a new class that is purely economic. New class is called a class. Two new classes arise: the employer class and the proletariat. Employer class is the entrepreneur who has the large companies, factories and so on. Class of employers who mastered the goods, controlled the trade and set prices. Do not share the proletariat and the factory that manufactured articles.They only have the energy it sells to the employer. Proletariat class life very miserable.
Between the employer and the proletariat class is a conflict that is exclusively based on the interests of the economy. The employer maintained that the proletariat must be paid in order to be as low cost as well as low-made goods, so that they benefit sebesarnya.Being the proletariat to get a paycheck setingginya and got bail in the case of accident, sickness, old age and so on. For the employer it is important to try to be more and more production of goods and the price remains high. Being the proletariat about the number of production and the price of goods has no interest at all, because they did not inherit any of the profits. Conflicts between the employer and the workers it covers the entire history of Europe since the mid-eighteenth century to the present, and the longer a sharp and pointy.
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
British Industrial Revolution due to the acquisition of the land of the machine. Prior to that land of Britain and other European country the consumer goods are made by hand by artisans by using simple tools. People who need something dating goods ordered and purchased at the relevant artisan in the village or town of each.
With the machine that people can make a lot of stuff quickly, thus exceeding the needs of the city itself and should be sold in the city or elsewhere.
The machine was first carried out by hand or by animals, then the flow of water. Until in 1776 James Watt steam engine successfully made. The machine was run by steam obtained from the boiling water in a large kettle. As fuel wood used initially but then coal are abundant in central England. With the steam engine that people no longer need to set up a factory on the banks of the river.
Thus arises the various industries that are slow pressing square handicrafts in villages and towns.
The machine can make the goods quickly and cheaply.Handyman can not compete with the factory. They were forced to close the company, and a worker at the plant.
Industry is the largest at that time the textile industry. The headquarters are in the city of Manchester and Liverpool in the Lancashire area. Is a danger, cotton, taken from the British colonies in North America to the south.
Industry in British state was getting more and more widespread.Plant more and more and more great.
In line with the need for labor increased as well. At the labor of the craftsman who had to close because the company could not compete with the factory. But with a variety of improvements that are held by the machine, the long-time no longer need to be experts. Work dipabrik be easy, especially because of the division of labor so that workers held only do a certain piece of work. The job can be done by anyone, also people who are advanced in years, and women and even children who are under age.
Precisely because it is cheap labor these days more and more women and older people and small children into labor.
Life of the workers was very sad. There is no guarantee at all.Working very long time, more than 12 hours. Various factories working day and night continuously. The most horrific circumstances of coal is mined. Often occurs in the mine explosion was so many dead people buried under the rubble of ground.
Industrial Revolution in the mid-eighteenth century it changed the whole face and the fabric of society. The small business owners who have their own tools and making items for the purposes of population in villages and towns each pressed and gradually disappeared from the public. That arises is that the major employers that have factories that make goods, no longer to fill orders villagers or city but for the market, first market in their own country and then the world market.
In addition to class time: nobles, princes of the church and the people, arose a new class that is purely economic. New class is called a class. Two new classes arise: the employer class and the proletariat. Employer class is the entrepreneur who has the large companies, factories and so on. Class of employers who mastered the goods, controlled the trade and set prices. Do not share the proletariat and the factory that manufactured articles.They only have the energy it sells to the employer. Proletariat class life very miserable.
Between the employer and the proletariat class is a conflict that is exclusively based on the interests of the economy. The employer maintained that the proletariat must be paid in order to be as low cost as well as low-made goods, so that they benefit sebesarnya.Being the proletariat to get a paycheck setingginya and got bail in the case of accident, sickness, old age and so on. For the employer it is important to try to be more and more production of goods and the price remains high. Being the proletariat about the number of production and the price of goods has no interest at all, because they did not inherit any of the profits. Conflicts between the employer and the workers it covers the entire history of Europe since the mid-eighteenth century to the present, and the longer a sharp and pointy.
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