Restorasi Meiji/Meiji Restoration FOR GENERAL HISTORY
Restorasi Meiji
(Sumber: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia Ditengah-tengah Dunia dari Abad keabad. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. (perubahan: Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan/EYD))
Revolusi tahun 1868 itu mengembalikan kekuasaan pada Tenno. Maka tahun 1868 itu dinamakan permulaan Restorasi Meiji. (restorasi=mengemalikan kepada asalnya).
Untung bagi Jepang, Meiji Tenno terbukti sangat cakap. Pemerintah baru bertindak tegas. Politik Tokogawa diteruskan. Jepang akan tetap terbuka bagi bangsa asing. Bangsa Jepang insaf bahwa bangsa Barat tidak mungkin ditolak. Mereka mengakui keunggulan kekuatan Barat, seperti dengan jelas terbukti tatkala benteng Choshu di Selat Shimonoseki ditembaki oleh kapal perang Barat. Bangsa Jepang bermaksud belajar dari orang Barat. Berlainan daripada bangsa Tionghoa, bangsa Jepang selamanya suka belajar dari bangsa lain. Berabad lamanya mereka belajar dari bangsa Tionghoa. Mulai 1868 itu mereka hendak belajar dari bangsa Barat. Maka segala sikap anti asing oleh pemerintah baru ditindas keras.
Sesuai dengan sifat “restorasi” maka semenjak itu kedudukan Tenno menjadi sentral dalam kehidupan masyarakat Jepang. Menurut paham orang Jepang, Tenno adalah keturunan dewa, dari wangsa yang abadi. Berlainan dari pada jaman Tokugawa maka sekarang Tenno harus dijunjung setingginya. Segala apa yang dilakukan atas nama Tenno. setia kepada dia adalah kewajiban pertama. Setiap kecrobohan kepada dia meski bagaimana kecil pun, dipandang sebagai kejahatan besar.
Masa pemerintah Meiji itu masa kemajuan yang sangat menakjubkan. Sesuai dengan suasana baru, ibukota dipindahkan dari Kyoto ke Yedo yang sejak itu diganti namanya menjadi Tokyo, yang artinya “ibukota Timur”.
Jepang tahu bahwa kekuatan bangsa Eropa letaknya pada persenjataan yang modern. Untuk dapat menyaingi bangsa Eropa, Jepang harus kuat juga persenjataannya. Maka yang pertama diperhatikan ialah pembaharuan tentara.
Selama itu yang menjadi prajurit ialah kaum samurai, dibawah perintah seorang daimyo. Tiap daimyo mempunyai tentaranya sendiri. Tradisi yang telah berabad itu diubah padatahun 1872. Pada tahun diadakan konskripsi. Tentara yang disusun dari segala lapisan rakyat. Dengan peraturan itu timbullah tentara nasional. Dalam penyusunan tentara baru itu terutama kaum Choshu yang sangat berjasa. Yamagata, seorang samurai dari Choshu pada tahun 1870 di kirim ke Eropa untuk mempelajari susunan tentara di sana. Mula ia tertarik pada Perancis, tetapi kemenangan tentara Jerman yang gemilang dalam Perang Perancis-Jerman pada tahun 1870-1871 membelokkan perhatian Yamagata dan Jerman dijadikan contoh utama. Yamagatapun lekas tahu bahwa sifat militer bangsa Jerman paling cocok dengan jiwa bangsa Jepang. Yamagata menjadi pencipta tentara nasional Jepang dan mendapat pengaruh besar dalam politik.
Juga angkatan laut diperbaharui. Peranan terpenting dipegang oleh kaum Satsuma. Yang dijadikan contoh sudah tentu Inggris, yang pada waktu itu menguasai semua samudera. Banyak opsir laut Inggris dipekerjakan di Jepang untuk membantu menyusun angkatan laut yang kuat.
Demikian timbullah angkatan perang modern Jepang dengan cepat. Kekuatan tentara itu lekas terbukti, tatkala pada tahun 1877 timbul pemberontak kaum samurai yang merasa kecewa melihat tempat dalam tentara diduduki oleh orang dari rakyat jelata, sedang mereka sendiri terdesak. Oleh pemerintah tentara nasional baru dikerahkan; pemberontakan kaum samurai yang bersenjatakan pedang dan anak panah dan masih mempergunakan taktik kuno dengan mudah dapat ditindas.
Pembaharuan yang dilakukan dalam seluruh susunan pemerintah. Peranan sangat penting dipegang oleh Ito. Untuk maksud itu ia di kirim keluar negeri. Ito pun pula lekas melihat bahwa Jerman dengan jiwa militernya paling mirip kepada Jepang. Maka bagi Ito pun Jerman dijadikan contoh, tatkala ia pada tahun 1880 diserahi penyusunan cabinet baru. Atas jasa Ito pula tersusunlah pada tahun 1889 Undang-undang Dasar Baru. Ditetapkan bahwa parlemen Jepang terdiri dari dua dewan: Dewan Agung yang sebagian besar dari kaum ningrat, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, yang mewakili rakyat.
Tetapi dalam pada itu Jepang tetap setia pada sifatnya yang asli, yang didasarkan pada pemujaan terhadap Tenno. Undang-undang Dasar 1889 itupun ditetapkan sebagai hadiah yang dikurniakan oleh Tenno kepada rakyatnya. Oleh sebab itu maka Undang-undang Dasar itu keramat dan tidak boleh diubah lagi. Undang-undang Dasar itu pun mulai dengan pemujaan terhadap Tenno. Berbeda daripada raja di Eropa yang memerintah “atas nama Tuhan”. Tenno memerintah sendiri, sebab ia sendirilah Tuhan (dalam mata bangsa Jepang). Menteripun tidak bertanggung jawab kepada parlemen melainkan kepada Tenno.
Sungguhpun begitu, Undang-undang itu cukup modern. Hak pribadi mengenai kemerdekaan badan dan hak pilih ditetapkan dengan jelas. Juga kewajiban ditetapkan, antara lain kewajiban membayar pajak dan kewajiban dinas militer dan semua itu dengan penjelasan yang tegas bahwa satu dan lain ditetapkan oleh undang-undang, tidak oleh pegawai perseorangan dengan sewenangnya.
Dalam pada itu meskipun Revolusi 1868 telah mengakhiri pemerintahan kaum Shogun, dalam prakteknya kaum militer masih besar juga pengaruhnya. Sebab yang diperbolehkan jadi menteri angkatan darat dan angkatan laut ialah opsir tinggi tentara dan opsir tinggi laut. Lagi pula ditetapkan bahwa menteri angkatan darat dan angkatan laut diperbolehkan langsung menghadap Tenno, sehingga menteri angkatan darat dan angkatan laut sangat penting kedudukannya dan bilamana memandang perlu, dapat menggagalkan pembentukan cabinet.
Sejalan dengan pemujaan Tenno, agama Jepang asli, agama Shinto, dihidupkan kembali. Ajaran Kong Hu Cu dan aliran Tao di Jepang tidak pernah dapat berakar seperti di Tiongkok. Yang kuat dan besar pengaruhnya adalah agama Budha. Semenjak restorasi Meiji agama Budha sering kali ditindas. Agama Shinto yang berdasar atas animism dan lebih sesuai dengan pemujaan Tenno dijadikan agama nasional.
Agama Shinto mengajarkan asal kedewaan keluarga Tenno dan bangsa Jepang. Asal mula wangsa Tenno dan bangsa Jepang seluruhnya dari Dewi Amaterasu Omikami tidak diajarkan sebagai suatu dongeng, melainkan sebagai kebenaran yang sungguh terjadi.
Dalam lapangan pengajaran terjadi kemajuan yang menakjubkan: Beratus pemuda Jepang pergi ke Eropa dan menuntut berbagai ilmu di sana. Kembali di negerinya, mereka menjadi pemimpin dalam berbagai lapangan. Sisitem sekolah diperbaharui. Huruf kanzi tetap dipergunakan tetapi yang dipelajari ilmu dan teknik modern. Beribu buku mengenai segala lapangan di salin ke bahasa Jepang.
Dalam lapangan ekonomi dan perindustrian pun terjadi revolusi. Pabrik didirikan, kereta api, perhubungan kawat dan telpon, kapal api dibangunkan, perdagangan luar negeri tumbuh dan bank didirikan. Gerakan pembangunan ekonomi itu dipelopori oleh pemerintah kemudian diserahkan kepada pihak partikulir. Sebagai akibatnya, beberapa keluarga mendapat kedudukan sangat penting dalam lapangan industry, dagang dan keuangan.
Yang paling kaya dan kuasa ialah keluarga Mitsui dan Mitsubishi. Mereka dengan dua keluarga lain merupakan kapitalis besar Jepang, kaum Zaibatsu.
Sesuai dengan timbulnya rasa kebangsaan, bangsa Jepang tidak suka pada pinjaman dari luar negeri, oleh karena dapat membahayakan bagi kemerdekaan sebagai bangsa yang berdaulat.
Berdasarkan atas rasa kebangsaan itu juga maka pemerintahan istimewa melindungi industry yang dapat membantu perkembangan tentara dan angkatan laut dan yang menghasilkan barang untuk menyaingi barang luar negeri. Maka yang dipentingkan adalah pabrik senjata, perkapalan, pabrik tenun, kertas dan sebagainya.
Sejalan dengan gerakan modernisasi maka dalam lapangan keuangan pun diadakan reorganisasi. Dahulu masing daimyo diperkenankan membuat mata uangnya sendiri, juga uang kertas.
Sekarang mata uang dinasionalisir dan dikuasai oleh pemerintah. Sebagai bank sentral pada tahun 1881 didirikan Bank of Japan dan untuk kepentingan perdagangan luar negeri didirikan Yokohama Specie Bank.
Sejalan pula dengan meluapnya nasionalisme di Jepang, perjanjian perdagangan tahun 1858 yang terlalu berat sebelah dan menguntungkan negeri Barat tidak dapat dipertahankan. Berkali Jepang mendesak untuk mengadakan perubahan dan pada tahun 1899 perjanjian itu diganti dengan perjanjian lain yang modern dan berdasar atas persamaan hak dan kewajiban.
Demikian berjalanlah dengan pesat modernisasi Jepang dalam segala lapangan. Pembangunan Negara itu didukung oleh rakyat seluruhnya dan hasilnya yang cemerlang, yang mengagumkan seluruh dunia menebalkan kebanggaan kebangsaan dan kepercayaan pada kekuatan diri sendiri. Setapak demi setapak Jepang memasuki gelanggang dunia modern dan menciptakan diri untuk memegang peranan penting dalam percaturan politik dunia.
Meiji Restoration
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
The revolution in 1868 was to restore power to the Tenno. Then in 1868 it was called the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.(Restoration = mengemalikan to the origin).
Fortunately for Japan, Meiji Tenno proved to be very capable.The new government acts decisively. Politics Tokogawa forwarded. Japan will remain open to foreign nations. The Japanese realize that the West is not likely to be rejected. They recognize the benefits of the Western powers, as is clearly evident when the fort in the Straits of Shimonoseki Choshu pinned by Western warships. The Japanese intend to learn from the West. Different than the Chinese, the Japanese people forever love to learn from other nations. Throughout the duration of their study of the Chinese nation. Starting in 1868, they wanted to learn from the West. So any anti-foreign stance by the new government repressed hard.
In accordance with the nature of the "restoration" that has since become a central position in the life Tenno Japanese society.According to the understanding of Japan, Tenno is a descendant of the gods, from the eternal dynasty. Different from the Tokugawa era then now Tenno setingginya should be upheld. All that is done on behalf of the Tenno. he was loyal to the first obligation. Each kecrobohan to him even though how small, is seen as a major crime.
The period of the Meiji government's future progress is amazing.In accordance with the new atmosphere, the capital was moved from Kyoto to Yedo which has since been renamed Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital".
Japan knew that the power of European nations located in modern weaponry. To be able to compete with the Europeans, the Japanese had powerful weapons as well. So the first note is updating the army.
During which a soldier was the samurai, under the command of a daimyo. Each daimyo having its own army. Tradition has it changed many padatahun 1872. Held in conscription. Soldiers are compiled from all walks of people. With that rule arises national army. In preparation of the new army, especially the Choshu highly meritorious. Yamagata, a samurai of the Choshu in 1870 was sent to Europe to study the composition of the army there. At first he was interested in French, but the Germans were a resounding victory in the Franco-German War of 1870-1871 in deflecting attention Yamagata and Germany made a prime example. Yamagatapun quickly know that the nature of the German military is best suited to the spirit of the Japanese people. Yamagata became the creator of Japan's national army and have great influence in politics.
Navy also updated. The most important role is held by the Satsuma. Which is used as an example of course England, which at that time controlled all oceans. Many British marine officer employed in Japan to help develop a strong navy.
Thus arises the modern Japanese army quickly. The army was quickly evident, when in 1877 raised the rebel samurai who were disappointed to see the place occupied by the troops of the common people, when they pressed. The new national government deployed troops; rebellion armed with samurai swords and arrows and still use old-fashioned tactics can easily be suppressed.
Updates are performed in the whole arrangement of government.Pivotal role held by Ito. For this purpose he was sent out of the country. Ito was also quickly see that the German military with the soul is most similar to the Japanese. So for Ito was Germany made an example, in 1880 when he entrusted the preparation of the new cabinet. Thanks to Ito also tersusunlah in 1889 New Constitution. Determined that the Japanese parliament consists of two boards: the Supreme Council of the majority of the aristocracy, and the House of Representatives, representing the people.
But in the meantime Japan remains faithful to its original, based on the cult of Tenno. Constitution of 1889 and even then defined as a gift to the people dikurniakan by Tenno. Therefore, the Constitution is sacred and should not be changed anymore.Constitution began with the worship of the Tenno. Different than European kings who ruled "the name of God". Tenno ruled alone, because he alone of God (in the eyes of the Japanese).Menteripun not responsible to parliament but to the Tenno.
Even though so, the Act was quite modern. Personal rights of freedom and suffrage bodies are clearly defined. Also obligations stipulated, among others, the obligation to pay taxes and military service obligations and all that with a clear explanation of that one and the other are set by statute, not by individual employees with sewenangnya.
In the meantime, although the 1868 Revolution had ended the rule of the Shogun, in practice, the military still too big influence. For a minister who allowed the army and navy is a high officer of high military and marine officers. Anyway determined that the Secretary of the Army and Navy are allowed directly facing Tenno, so the Secretary of the Army and Navy are very important position and, where deemed necessary, to thwart the formation of the cabinet.
In line with the cult Tenno, native Japanese religion, Shinto religion, was revived. Confucian and Taoist Japan can never be rooted as in China. Strong and far-reaching is Buddhism. Since the Meiji restoration Buddhism often oppressed. Shinto religion based on animism and more in line with the national religious cult made Tenno.
Shinto teaches divine origin of the Japanese family and the Tenno. The origin of the dynasty and the Japanese Tenno entirely of Goddess Amaterasu Omikami not taught as a tale, but as a truth that actually happens.
In the field of teaching they have made amazing: Hundreds of young Japanese go to Europe and requires a variety of knowledge there. Back in the country, they have become leaders in various fields. Sisitem refurbished schools. Kanzi letters still used but are studied modern science and engineering.Thousands of books on every field in the copy to the Japanese.
In the field of economic and industrial revolution ensued. The factory was set up, train, transportation and telephone wire, steamship built, foreign trade grew and the bank was established. The movement was spearheaded by economic development the government then handed over to the partikulir.As a result, some families got a very important position in the field of industry, trade and finance.
The most wealthy and powerful families are Mitsui and Mitsubishi.Those with two other families is a big capitalist Japan, the Zaibatsu.
In accordance with the emergence of a sense of nationhood, the Japanese do not like borrowing from abroad, because it may be harmful for independence as a sovereign nation.
Based on a sense of nationhood was also the special government to protect the industry that can help the development of the army and navy, and that produce goods to compete with foreign goods. So the emphasis is arms factories, shipbuilding, weaving mills, paper and so on.
In line with the modernization movement was held in the financial field reorganization. Previously, each daimyo allowed to make its own currency, as well as paper money.
Now nationalized currencies and controlled by the government.As the central bank was established in 1881 and the Bank of Japan to foreign trade interests established Yokohama specie Bank.
Line with the overflow of nationalism in Japan, a trade agreement in 1858 and profitable too biased Western countries can not be sustained. Many Japanese urge for change and in 1899 an agreement was replaced by another agreement that modern and based on equal rights and obligations.
So walk with Japan's rapid modernization in every field. State Development is fully supported by the people and the results are brilliant, amazing worldwide thicken national pride and confidence in the power of yourself. Step by step Japan entered the modern world arena and create myself to play an important role in world politics.
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
The revolution in 1868 was to restore power to the Tenno. Then in 1868 it was called the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.(Restoration = mengemalikan to the origin).
Fortunately for Japan, Meiji Tenno proved to be very capable.The new government acts decisively. Politics Tokogawa forwarded. Japan will remain open to foreign nations. The Japanese realize that the West is not likely to be rejected. They recognize the benefits of the Western powers, as is clearly evident when the fort in the Straits of Shimonoseki Choshu pinned by Western warships. The Japanese intend to learn from the West. Different than the Chinese, the Japanese people forever love to learn from other nations. Throughout the duration of their study of the Chinese nation. Starting in 1868, they wanted to learn from the West. So any anti-foreign stance by the new government repressed hard.
In accordance with the nature of the "restoration" that has since become a central position in the life Tenno Japanese society.According to the understanding of Japan, Tenno is a descendant of the gods, from the eternal dynasty. Different from the Tokugawa era then now Tenno setingginya should be upheld. All that is done on behalf of the Tenno. he was loyal to the first obligation. Each kecrobohan to him even though how small, is seen as a major crime.
The period of the Meiji government's future progress is amazing.In accordance with the new atmosphere, the capital was moved from Kyoto to Yedo which has since been renamed Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital".
Japan knew that the power of European nations located in modern weaponry. To be able to compete with the Europeans, the Japanese had powerful weapons as well. So the first note is updating the army.
During which a soldier was the samurai, under the command of a daimyo. Each daimyo having its own army. Tradition has it changed many padatahun 1872. Held in conscription. Soldiers are compiled from all walks of people. With that rule arises national army. In preparation of the new army, especially the Choshu highly meritorious. Yamagata, a samurai of the Choshu in 1870 was sent to Europe to study the composition of the army there. At first he was interested in French, but the Germans were a resounding victory in the Franco-German War of 1870-1871 in deflecting attention Yamagata and Germany made a prime example. Yamagatapun quickly know that the nature of the German military is best suited to the spirit of the Japanese people. Yamagata became the creator of Japan's national army and have great influence in politics.
Navy also updated. The most important role is held by the Satsuma. Which is used as an example of course England, which at that time controlled all oceans. Many British marine officer employed in Japan to help develop a strong navy.
Thus arises the modern Japanese army quickly. The army was quickly evident, when in 1877 raised the rebel samurai who were disappointed to see the place occupied by the troops of the common people, when they pressed. The new national government deployed troops; rebellion armed with samurai swords and arrows and still use old-fashioned tactics can easily be suppressed.
Updates are performed in the whole arrangement of government.Pivotal role held by Ito. For this purpose he was sent out of the country. Ito was also quickly see that the German military with the soul is most similar to the Japanese. So for Ito was Germany made an example, in 1880 when he entrusted the preparation of the new cabinet. Thanks to Ito also tersusunlah in 1889 New Constitution. Determined that the Japanese parliament consists of two boards: the Supreme Council of the majority of the aristocracy, and the House of Representatives, representing the people.
But in the meantime Japan remains faithful to its original, based on the cult of Tenno. Constitution of 1889 and even then defined as a gift to the people dikurniakan by Tenno. Therefore, the Constitution is sacred and should not be changed anymore.Constitution began with the worship of the Tenno. Different than European kings who ruled "the name of God". Tenno ruled alone, because he alone of God (in the eyes of the Japanese).Menteripun not responsible to parliament but to the Tenno.
Even though so, the Act was quite modern. Personal rights of freedom and suffrage bodies are clearly defined. Also obligations stipulated, among others, the obligation to pay taxes and military service obligations and all that with a clear explanation of that one and the other are set by statute, not by individual employees with sewenangnya.
In the meantime, although the 1868 Revolution had ended the rule of the Shogun, in practice, the military still too big influence. For a minister who allowed the army and navy is a high officer of high military and marine officers. Anyway determined that the Secretary of the Army and Navy are allowed directly facing Tenno, so the Secretary of the Army and Navy are very important position and, where deemed necessary, to thwart the formation of the cabinet.
In line with the cult Tenno, native Japanese religion, Shinto religion, was revived. Confucian and Taoist Japan can never be rooted as in China. Strong and far-reaching is Buddhism. Since the Meiji restoration Buddhism often oppressed. Shinto religion based on animism and more in line with the national religious cult made Tenno.
Shinto teaches divine origin of the Japanese family and the Tenno. The origin of the dynasty and the Japanese Tenno entirely of Goddess Amaterasu Omikami not taught as a tale, but as a truth that actually happens.
In the field of teaching they have made amazing: Hundreds of young Japanese go to Europe and requires a variety of knowledge there. Back in the country, they have become leaders in various fields. Sisitem refurbished schools. Kanzi letters still used but are studied modern science and engineering.Thousands of books on every field in the copy to the Japanese.
In the field of economic and industrial revolution ensued. The factory was set up, train, transportation and telephone wire, steamship built, foreign trade grew and the bank was established. The movement was spearheaded by economic development the government then handed over to the partikulir.As a result, some families got a very important position in the field of industry, trade and finance.
The most wealthy and powerful families are Mitsui and Mitsubishi.Those with two other families is a big capitalist Japan, the Zaibatsu.
In accordance with the emergence of a sense of nationhood, the Japanese do not like borrowing from abroad, because it may be harmful for independence as a sovereign nation.
Based on a sense of nationhood was also the special government to protect the industry that can help the development of the army and navy, and that produce goods to compete with foreign goods. So the emphasis is arms factories, shipbuilding, weaving mills, paper and so on.
In line with the modernization movement was held in the financial field reorganization. Previously, each daimyo allowed to make its own currency, as well as paper money.
Now nationalized currencies and controlled by the government.As the central bank was established in 1881 and the Bank of Japan to foreign trade interests established Yokohama specie Bank.
Line with the overflow of nationalism in Japan, a trade agreement in 1858 and profitable too biased Western countries can not be sustained. Many Japanese urge for change and in 1899 an agreement was replaced by another agreement that modern and based on equal rights and obligations.
So walk with Japan's rapid modernization in every field. State Development is fully supported by the people and the results are brilliant, amazing worldwide thicken national pride and confidence in the power of yourself. Step by step Japan entered the modern world arena and create myself to play an important role in world politics.
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