Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat/War of Independence of the United States FOR GENERAL HISTORY
Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat
(Sumber: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia Ditengah-tengah Dunia dari Abad keabad. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. (perubahan: Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan/EYD))
Tahun 1763 sebagian besar dari Amerika Utara telah jatuh ditangan Inggris. Bagian yang tidak begitu penting ada ditangan Spanyol sedang Perancis kehilangan sama sekali tanah jajahan itu.
Peperangan itu menelan banyak biaya dari Inggris. Pemerintah Inggris berpendapat bahwa kaum kolonis di Amerika Utara itu harus ikut memikul biaya perang tadi. Maka sesudah perdamaian pada tahun 1763 itu oleh pemerintah Inggris diadakan berbagai pajak baru di Amerika Utara. Peraturan itu menimbulkan banyak kekecewaan di kalangan kaum kolonis. Pada masa itu pendapat Locke, Voltaire, Monstesquieu dan sebagainya telah banyak tersiar, juga dikalangan mereka. Mereka tidak berkeberatan membayar pajak, yang dapat membelanya. No taxation without representation (Tiada pajak, tidak ada perwakilan).
Sebaliknya, raja Inggris pada waktu itu, George III, berpendapat bahwa Amerika sebagai suatu koloni harus tunduk kepada negeri induk, bahwa sesuatu koloni adalah untuk kepentingan negeri induk yaitu Inggris. Pendirian itu tidak diterima oleh kaum kolonis. Dari kalangan mereka timbul berbagai pemimpin seperti Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams dan Thomas Jefferson, yang dengan keras menentang peraturan pemerintah Inggris itu. Berbagai insiden timbul, pertentangan makin meruncing, tetapi George III tetap berkepala batu, disokong oleh perdana menterinya, Lord North yang sangat autokratis itu.
Pada tahun 1776 timbullah revolusi. Semua 13 negara Amerika Utara seia sekata menyatakan kemerdekaannya dan telah bebas dari hubungan dengan pemerintah Inggris. Wakil mereka berkumpul dikota Philadelphia dan di sana dengan suara bulat “Declaration of Independece”, “Pernyataan Kemerdekaan”, yang disusun oleh Jefferson. Peristiwa itu terjadi padatanggal 4 Juli 1776. Hari tanggal 4 Juli itu tiap tahun diperingati sebagai Hari Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat.
“Pernyataan Kemerdekaan” pada tanggal 4 Juli 1776 itu diantaranya berbunyi:
“Adalah dengan sendirinya terang, bahwa semua orang diciptakan sama, bahwa mereka oleh Tuhan dikaruniai beberapa hak yang tak dapt di tawar gugat, diantaranya: kehidupan, kemerdekaan dan kehendak mencapai kebahagiaan. Bahwa untuk melindungi hak-hak itu, pemerintah harus dilakukan oleh orang yang menerima kekuasaannya dengan persetujuan mereka yang diperintah. Bahwa manakala sesuatu pemerintah membahayakan bagi pemeliharaan maksud itu, adalah hak rakyat untuk mengganti atau menghapuskan pemerintahan itu, dan membentuk pemerintah baru.
Dalam bahasa Inggris bunyinya ialah:
“We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government.
Kita paham itu sangat modern, apalagi masa itu. Kita tahu bahwa paham itu yang terang menyatakan kedaulatan rakyat dan kemutlakan hak asasi manusia timbulnya di Eropa Barat, teristimewa dinegeri Inggris dan Perancis. Yang menarik perhatian ialah bahwa justru dalam negeri baru seperti Amerika, yang pada waktu itu sebenarnya belum mempunyai kebudayaan sendiri, paham itu lebih dahulu dapat dikembangkan dan dinyatakan dengan tegas: 13 tahun sebelum meleutusnya Revolusi Perancis.
Pada ketika kaum kolonis memulai pemberontakan terhadap pemerintahan Inggris, mereka menghadapi berbagai kesulitan hebat. Kesulitan terbesar ialah oleh sebab semua 13 negara masing berdaulat penuh. Mereka tidak merupakan kesatuan. Di atasnya tidak ada satu badan yang dapat mengambil sesuatu keputusan untuk 13 negara itu semua dan memaksa supaya keputusan itu ditaati juga oleh masing Negara.
Maka segera timbullah kesulitan dalam hal keuangan akan pembiayai perang. Pajak untuk keperluan itu tidak dapat dipungut, oleh sebab itu semua Negara menyetujuinya. Pinjaman dalam negeri pun tidak memberikan hasil.
Untuk sekalilah bahwa Peperangan Kemerdekaan itu di Eropa Barat menimbulkan banyak simpati dan kegembiraan yang berkobar, diantaranya di Perancis dan Nederland. Di Perancis bahkan pemeritahannya sendiri dengan terang membantu kaum pemberontak. Pemerintah Perancis yang ingin menuntut balas atas kekalahan terhadap Inggris, mengirimkan uang, kapal, alat perang, bahkan opsir ke Amerika. Pada tahun 1778, Perancis dengan resmi mengakui kemerdekaan Negara Amerika itu, dan oleh sebab itu dengan terang terlibat dalam peperangan dengan Inggris. Banyak orang di Eropa Barat memandang pemberontakan kaum kolonis itu sebagai pelaksana cita-cita mereka akan hak-hak manusia dan kedaulatan rakyat. Mereka menyeberang ke Amerika dan membentuk pasukan sukarela untuk membantu kaum pemberontak. Yang terkenal ialah pasukan Jenderal Lafayette dari Perancis.
Kesulitan lain bagi kaum pemberontak yang tidak kurang hebatnya ialah soal kemiliteran, sungguh pun semua 13 negara telah menyetujui untuk menyerahkan pimpinan tertinggi atas seluruh tentara pada satu orang dan mengangkat George Washington menjadi panglima tertinggi.
Pada waktu pemberontakan dimulai, George Washington tidak mempunyai tentara yang teratur dan berdisiplin. Pasukannya terdiri dari kaum kolonis yang selamanya berjiwa merdeka dan tidak biasa diperintah oleh orang lain. Mereka berani dan semangatnya bernyala tetapi terutama dalam waktu berjaga-jaga atau bilamana tidak ada pertempuran, semangatnya padam dan sering kali mereka dengan begitu saja meninggalkan pasukannya dan pulang ke rumahnya. Bagi Washington amat sulitlah untuk mengajarkan kepada mereka bahwa tentara harus berdisiplin keras.
Tetapi Washington, sungguhpun tidak banyak pengalamannya dalam kemiliteran kemudian terbukti seorang pemimpin yang cakap dan prajurit yang ulet. Kejujuran dan kesungguhannya, lagi pula kewibawaan pribadinya menghidupkan kepercayaan dan semangat kaum kolonis. Menguntungkan lagi ialah bahwa pada masa itu terdapat banyak orang cakap dan berkesungguhan, diantaranya yang paling terkemuka ialah Benjyamin Franklin dan Thomas Jefferson.
Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika berlangsung 7 tahun berturut-turut (1776-1783). Kaum kolonis dibekas koloni Perancis, Canada, tidak ikut dalam pemberontak. Peperangan mengombak pasang surut pada kedua belah pihak. Tentara kaum kolonis tidak berdisiplin tetapi berani dan bersemangat. Tentara Inggris jauh lebih teratur tetapi tidak bertempur dengan kesungguhan; jenderalnya tidak cakap, lagi pula terlalu memandang rendah kekuatan lawan, terutama pada permulaan peperangan. Pada tahun 1777, kaum pemberontak berhasil mencapai kemenangan yang gemilang di Saratoga, dimana mereka dapat menawan 5000 orang serdadu Inggris beserta panglimanya. Lambat laun kekuatan tentara Amerika tumbuh. Kemenangan di Yorktown pada tahun 1781, dimana Jenderal Cornwallis menyerah dengan seluruh tentaranya, terdiri 8000 orang, menetapkan jalan peperangan. Pada tahun 1783 di langsungkan Perdamaian di Paris, dimana Inggris mengakui kemerdekaan Negara Amerika.
Tetapi setelah kemerdekaan tercapai, timbullah kesulitan baru yang tidak kurang hebatnya. Bagaimana harus membangun Negara-negara itu, bagaimana harus mengisi kemerdekaan yang baru tercapai itu.
Sekali lagi untunglah bahwa pada waktu itu di Amerika terdapat pemimpin yang cakap, yang luas pendiriannya dan jauh pandagannya. Mereka tahu bahwa Negara itu, bilamana terpisah, tidak akan dapat hidup bertahan lama. Maka diadakanlah perserikatan. Kedaulatan masing Negara untuk mengurus keadaan dalam negeri sendiri tidak diusik tetapi diatasnya Negara itu bersama antara lain dalam soal angkatan perang, keuangan, pengangkutan dan sebagainya. Demikianlah berdiri Negara-negara Amerika Serikat, United States of America, yang meliputi 13 negara. Negara serikat itu perlu akan Undang-undang Dasar. Pekerjaan itu memakan waktu lama tetapi pada tanggal 4 Maret tahun 1789 (masih sebelum Revolusi Perancis) Undang-undang Dasar itu telah dapat berjalan. Parlemen terdiri dari dua kamar: Senat dan Majelis Rendah. Pimpinan pemerintah ada ditangan seorang Presiden, yang diangkat untuk 4 tahun, dengan pengertian bahwa ia boleh dipilih kembali, Presiden Amerika Serikat pertama ialah George Washington (1789-1791).
Semenjak itu negeri Amerika Serikat maju dengan pesat, terutama dibawah pemerintahan Jefferson (1801-1809). Pada tahun 1800, Amerika Serikat mendapat perluasan daerah, yakni New Orleans dan Louisiana, milik Spanyol, yang dibelinya dengan 60 juta fancs. Tanah baru dibuka, Negara baru lahir, yang berangsur masuk dalam Negara serikat. Akhirnya Amerika Serikat terdiri 48 negara. Setelah Alaska dan Hawaii masuk menjadi Negara, Amerika Serikat sekarang terdri dari 50 negara.
Pada tahun 1823 oleh Presiden James Monroe (1817-1825) di umumkan pernyataan bahwa benua Amerika adalah untuk bangsa Amerika sendiri. Tanah jajahan di Amerika yang telah ada sebelum itu (antara lain dari Inggris, Perancis, Belanda) tidak akan di usik, tetapi tiap usaha negeri Eropa untuk mendirikan tanah jajahan baru dibenua Amerika akan ditentang keras oleh Amerika Serikat. Pernyataan itu dalam sejarah terkenal sebagai doktrin-Monroe.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate: Indonesian-english):
War of Independence of the United States
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
In 1763 most of North America has fallen British hands. The part that is not so important is in the hands Spain were French colonies completely lost it.
The battle was swallowing a lot of cost from the UK. The British government found the colonists in North America had to bear the cost of the war earlier. Thus, after the peace in 1763 that the British government held a variety of new taxes in North America.That rule caused much disappointment among the colonists. At that time Locke, Voltaire, Monstesquieu and so have a lot of spread, also among them. They do not mind paying taxes, who can defend him. No taxation without representation (There is no taxation, no representation.)
Instead, the king of England at the time, George III, argued that America as a colony should be subject to the mother country, the colonies that something is for the benefit of the mother country England. The establishment was not accepted by the colonist.They arise from the various leaders such as Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams and Thomas Jefferson, who strongly opposed the British government's regulations. Various incidents arise, conflicts increasingly pointed, but George III remained recalcitrant, supported by the prime minister, Lord North was a very autocratic.
In 1776 there arose a revolution. All 13 countries in North America declared its independence unanimous and has been free of ties with the British government. Their representatives assembled in the city of Philadelphia and there unanimously "Declaration of Independece", "Declaration of Independence", which was composed by Jefferson. The incident occurred padatanggal July 4, 1776. Today is July 4 each year is celebrated as the Day of Independence of the United States.
"Declaration of Independence" on July 4, 1776 was the date of which reads:
"It is its own light, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed with certain rights by God that no DAPT at bargain accountability, including: life, liberty and happiness will reach.That to protect these rights, governments must be done by people who receive their power by consent of the governed. That the government when something dangerous for maintenance purposes, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish that government and form a new government.
In English saying is:
"We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That Whenever any form of government is destructive of these Becomes ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to Abolish it, and to institute new government.
We understand it is very modern, much less time. We know that the notion that a bright claimed absolute sovereignty and the emergence of human rights in Western Europe, especially in the land of Britain and France. That attracts attention is that it is in a new country like America, which at that time did not yet have their own culture, to understand it first developed and stated emphatically: meleutusnya 13 years before the French Revolution.
On when the colonists began an uprising against British rule, they face great difficulties. The biggest difficulty is because of all 13 individual sovereign states. They are not a union. On it there is no one body that can take a decision for the 13 countries it all and force that decision was also observed by the respective State.
Then immediately arises in financial difficulties will pembiayai war. Tax for the purpose it can not be collected, and therefore all the countries agree. Domestic loans did not pay off.
To sekalilah the War of Independence was in Western Europe raises a lot of sympathy and excitement flared, including in France and the Netherlands. In France alone pemeritahannya even with light to help the rebels. French government wants revenge for defeat against England, sending money, ships, weapons of war, even to the American officer. In 1778, France officially recognized the independence of the United States, and therefore the light at war with England. Many in Western Europe saw a revolt of the colonists as implementing their ideals would human rights and popular sovereignty. They crossed over to America and formed volunteer forces to help the rebels. Which famous being General Lafayette of the French troops.
Another difficulty for the rebels were no less terrible is about the military, it was all 13 states agreed to hand over the entire top leadership of the army on one person and lift George Washington to be commander in chief.
At the time of the uprising began, George Washington did not have a regular and disciplined army. His force consisted of the colonists are forever free spirited and unusual ruled by others.They were bold and fiery spirit but especially in time just in case or if there is no fighting, his spirit goes out and often just leave them with his army and return home. For Washington very difficult to teach them that the army should maintain hard.
But Washington, though not a lot of experience in the military and then proved an excellent leader and a tenacious warrior. Honesty and sincerity, besides his personal authority and confidence revive the spirit of the colonists. Profitable again is that at that time there were many capable and berkesungguhan, of which the most prominent is Benjyamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.
American War of Independence lasted 7 years in a row (1776-1783). The colonists dibekas French colony, Canada, did not participate in the rebellion. Tidal surge warfare on both sides.The army of the colonists was not disciplined but bold and vibrant. The British Army is much more organized but do not fight with earnestness; incompetent generals, and anyway too despised enemy forces, especially at the beginning of the war. In 1777, the rebels managed to achieve a resounding victory at Saratoga, where they can be charming 5000 English soldiers and their commanders. Gradually growing strength of American soldiers. The victory at Yorktown in 1781, where General Cornwallis surrendered with all his army, comprising 8000 people, set the path of war. In 1783 at the Paris Peace langsungkan, where Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
But after independence was achieved, a new difficulty arises that is not less great. How to build nations, how should fill the new independence was achieved.
Once again thank God that at that time in America there is a leader, a wide stance and far pandagannya. They know that the State, if separate, would not live long. It was held union. The sovereignty of each State to take care of the situation in their own country but above untouched country with among others in terms of the army, finance, transport and so on. Thus stands the United States, the United States of America, covering 13 states. State of the union it would need the Constitution. The work was time consuming but on March 4, 1789 (still before the French Revolution) Constitution had been able to walk. Parliament consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Commons. Government leadership is in the hands of a President, who is appointed for four years, with the understanding that he should be re-elected, the first President of the United States was George Washington (1789-1791).
Since then, the country the United States developed rapidly, especially under the reign of Jefferson (1801-1809). In 1800, the United States got the expansion area, the New Orleans and Louisiana, owned by Spain, which he bought with 60 million fancs. Land recently opened, state newborn, which gradually into the state union. Finally, the United States comprises 48 states.After Alaska and Hawaii entered into the State, the United States now terdri from 50 countries.
In 1823 President James Monroe (1817-1825) announced in a statement that the American continent is to the American people themselves. The colonies in America who have been there before that (among others from the UK, France, Netherlands) will not be teased, but every attempt by European powers to establish new colonies American continent will be strongly opposed by the United States. The statement in the history known as the Monroe doctrine.
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
In 1763 most of North America has fallen British hands. The part that is not so important is in the hands Spain were French colonies completely lost it.
The battle was swallowing a lot of cost from the UK. The British government found the colonists in North America had to bear the cost of the war earlier. Thus, after the peace in 1763 that the British government held a variety of new taxes in North America.That rule caused much disappointment among the colonists. At that time Locke, Voltaire, Monstesquieu and so have a lot of spread, also among them. They do not mind paying taxes, who can defend him. No taxation without representation (There is no taxation, no representation.)
Instead, the king of England at the time, George III, argued that America as a colony should be subject to the mother country, the colonies that something is for the benefit of the mother country England. The establishment was not accepted by the colonist.They arise from the various leaders such as Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams and Thomas Jefferson, who strongly opposed the British government's regulations. Various incidents arise, conflicts increasingly pointed, but George III remained recalcitrant, supported by the prime minister, Lord North was a very autocratic.
In 1776 there arose a revolution. All 13 countries in North America declared its independence unanimous and has been free of ties with the British government. Their representatives assembled in the city of Philadelphia and there unanimously "Declaration of Independece", "Declaration of Independence", which was composed by Jefferson. The incident occurred padatanggal July 4, 1776. Today is July 4 each year is celebrated as the Day of Independence of the United States.
"Declaration of Independence" on July 4, 1776 was the date of which reads:
"It is its own light, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed with certain rights by God that no DAPT at bargain accountability, including: life, liberty and happiness will reach.That to protect these rights, governments must be done by people who receive their power by consent of the governed. That the government when something dangerous for maintenance purposes, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish that government and form a new government.
In English saying is:
"We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That Whenever any form of government is destructive of these Becomes ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to Abolish it, and to institute new government.
We understand it is very modern, much less time. We know that the notion that a bright claimed absolute sovereignty and the emergence of human rights in Western Europe, especially in the land of Britain and France. That attracts attention is that it is in a new country like America, which at that time did not yet have their own culture, to understand it first developed and stated emphatically: meleutusnya 13 years before the French Revolution.
On when the colonists began an uprising against British rule, they face great difficulties. The biggest difficulty is because of all 13 individual sovereign states. They are not a union. On it there is no one body that can take a decision for the 13 countries it all and force that decision was also observed by the respective State.
Then immediately arises in financial difficulties will pembiayai war. Tax for the purpose it can not be collected, and therefore all the countries agree. Domestic loans did not pay off.
To sekalilah the War of Independence was in Western Europe raises a lot of sympathy and excitement flared, including in France and the Netherlands. In France alone pemeritahannya even with light to help the rebels. French government wants revenge for defeat against England, sending money, ships, weapons of war, even to the American officer. In 1778, France officially recognized the independence of the United States, and therefore the light at war with England. Many in Western Europe saw a revolt of the colonists as implementing their ideals would human rights and popular sovereignty. They crossed over to America and formed volunteer forces to help the rebels. Which famous being General Lafayette of the French troops.
Another difficulty for the rebels were no less terrible is about the military, it was all 13 states agreed to hand over the entire top leadership of the army on one person and lift George Washington to be commander in chief.
At the time of the uprising began, George Washington did not have a regular and disciplined army. His force consisted of the colonists are forever free spirited and unusual ruled by others.They were bold and fiery spirit but especially in time just in case or if there is no fighting, his spirit goes out and often just leave them with his army and return home. For Washington very difficult to teach them that the army should maintain hard.
But Washington, though not a lot of experience in the military and then proved an excellent leader and a tenacious warrior. Honesty and sincerity, besides his personal authority and confidence revive the spirit of the colonists. Profitable again is that at that time there were many capable and berkesungguhan, of which the most prominent is Benjyamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.
American War of Independence lasted 7 years in a row (1776-1783). The colonists dibekas French colony, Canada, did not participate in the rebellion. Tidal surge warfare on both sides.The army of the colonists was not disciplined but bold and vibrant. The British Army is much more organized but do not fight with earnestness; incompetent generals, and anyway too despised enemy forces, especially at the beginning of the war. In 1777, the rebels managed to achieve a resounding victory at Saratoga, where they can be charming 5000 English soldiers and their commanders. Gradually growing strength of American soldiers. The victory at Yorktown in 1781, where General Cornwallis surrendered with all his army, comprising 8000 people, set the path of war. In 1783 at the Paris Peace langsungkan, where Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
But after independence was achieved, a new difficulty arises that is not less great. How to build nations, how should fill the new independence was achieved.
Once again thank God that at that time in America there is a leader, a wide stance and far pandagannya. They know that the State, if separate, would not live long. It was held union. The sovereignty of each State to take care of the situation in their own country but above untouched country with among others in terms of the army, finance, transport and so on. Thus stands the United States, the United States of America, covering 13 states. State of the union it would need the Constitution. The work was time consuming but on March 4, 1789 (still before the French Revolution) Constitution had been able to walk. Parliament consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Commons. Government leadership is in the hands of a President, who is appointed for four years, with the understanding that he should be re-elected, the first President of the United States was George Washington (1789-1791).
Since then, the country the United States developed rapidly, especially under the reign of Jefferson (1801-1809). In 1800, the United States got the expansion area, the New Orleans and Louisiana, owned by Spain, which he bought with 60 million fancs. Land recently opened, state newborn, which gradually into the state union. Finally, the United States comprises 48 states.After Alaska and Hawaii entered into the State, the United States now terdri from 50 countries.
In 1823 President James Monroe (1817-1825) announced in a statement that the American continent is to the American people themselves. The colonies in America who have been there before that (among others from the UK, France, Netherlands) will not be teased, but every attempt by European powers to establish new colonies American continent will be strongly opposed by the United States. The statement in the history known as the Monroe doctrine.
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