Mengerjakan tanah untuk Cara Bercocok Tanam Padi Sawah/ How to Grow a plot of land for Rice Cultivation FOR GENERAL AGRARYCULTURE
Mengerjakan tanah untuk Cara Bercocok Tanam Padi Sawah
(Sumber: Hardjodinomo, Soekirno. 1970. Bertanam Padi. Bandung: Penerbit Binacipta.)
Dalam hal ini pekerjaan dapat diringkaskan sebagai berikut:
a) mengerjakan tanah,
b) Membuat persemaian sawah,
1) Persemaian basah,
2) Persemaian kering,
c) Menanam padi,
d) Memelihara tanaman:
1) Mengairi,
2) Membuang rumput (menyiangi),
3) Memupuk,
4) Memberntas hama dan penyakit,
e) Memungut dan memelihara hasil,
f) Memelihara padi bibit.
I) Mengerjakan Tanah Sawah
a) Keadaan sawah. Di dalam mengusahakan padi di sawah yang terpenting adalah bidang tanah yang ditanami, tanah itu haruslah:
1) Dapat menahan air sehingga tanah itu dapat tergenang air,
2) Dapat mudah memperoleh dan membuang air,
Sehubungan dengan syarat yang pertama maka sawah itu dikelilingi oleh pematang atau galengan dan permukaan tanahnya yang rata dan sama tingginya. Berbeda dengna ladang atau tegalan. Di dataran rendah, bidang tanah itu berupa petak empat persegi panjang. Di pegunungan lain lagi yaitu tidak menentu, mengikuti lereng gunung. Pematang atau galengan itu kelihatannya remeh, tapi memegang peranan penting dalam bidang tanah sawah. Bila pematang bocor tentulah air tidak bisa tersimpan, maka rusaklah petakan yang ada di bawahnya. Lebih kalau petak sudah ditanami. Di pegunungan umpamanya, dimana beda petakan adalah sangat besar, bila galengan itu bobol, perbaikan memerlukan waktu yang agak lama. Oleh karena itu galengan perlu dipelihara baik dan harus kuat. Pematang itu memang mengurangi luasnya sawah, makin banyak pematangnya makin luas galengannya dan makin sempit areal sawahnya. Di dataran rendah umumnya luas pematang itu adalah 5% dan di pegunungan 10% sampai 15% dari luas areal tanah yang dikerjakan.
b) Mengerjakan tanah Sawah. Menjelang musim hujan, biasanya petani sudah siap-siap. Alat seperti pacul, bajak, landak, garu, sabit, dipersiapkan. Juga saluran air yang menjadi kewajibannya diperbaiki secara gotong royong. Sudah tentu bibitnya sudah lama dipersiapkan. Di dalam mengerjakan tanah ini ada beberapa factor yang perlu diperhatikan:
Ø Sifat tanahnya, berat atau ringankah.
Ø Letak petakan, jauh atau dekat dengan saluran air,
Ø Keadaan tanah pada waktu akan dikerjakan, banyak rumput atau bersihkah.
Ø Tenaga yang tersedia pada petani, adakah mempunyai lembu atau kerbau atau hanya pacul saja.
Ø Cukuplah waktu tersedia buat mengerjakan tanah,
Ø Jenis padi yang akan ditanam (genjah, dalam, bulu atau gundil) sudah terlebih dahulu harus ditentukan.
Mengingat hal di atas itu di dalam mengerjakan tanah ada berbagai variasi, diantaranya sebagai berikut:
| Variasi Sistem (System) | Banyaknya Pekerjaan (Job) | Keterangan (Note) | ||||||||
| Dibajak ke | Dipacul ke | Digaru ke | ||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| I | 1 X | 1 X | 1 X | | | | 1 X | 1 X | 1 X | a) sesudah dibajak lalu digaru bergantian. b) Menggaru adalah pekerjaan terakhir kalau hanya 1 kali |
| II | 1 X | 1 X | 1 X | | | | 1 X | 1 X | | |
| III | 1 X | 1 X | | | | | 1 X | 1 X | | |
| IV | 1 X | 1 X | | | | | 1 X | | | |
| V | 1 X | | | | | | 1 X | | | |
| VI | 1 X | | | 1 X | | | 1 X | | | |
| VII | | | | 1 X | 1 X | | 1 X | 1 X | | |
| VIII | | | | 1 X | 1 X | | 1 X | | | |
| IX | | | | 1 X | 1 X | 1 X | | | | |
| X | | | | 1 X | 1 X | | | | | |
Contoh di atas menunjukkan bahwa di dalam mengerjakan sawah ada yang banyak memerlukan tenaga dan ada yang sedikit memerlukan tenaga. Ini tergantung dari tanah yang dikerjakan dan tenaga yang tersedia. Misalnya contoh No. I adalah memerlukan banyak tenaga, sedang contoh No. X sedikit sekali. Umumnya mengerjakan tanah dengan bajak adalah lebih cepat dan lebih baik daripada mempergunakan pacul. Maksud dari membajak atau mencangkul adalah supaya tanah yang menjadi lumpur itu bertambah dalam sedangkan menggaru supaya petakan itu rata dan lumpurnya bertambah lumat.
Pada waktu menggaru air harus secukupnya (macak-macak) dan tidak boleh ke luar petakan. Di daerah Priangan menggaru ini disebut ngangler atau ngararata dan biasanya tidak memakai tenaga hewan tetapi mempergunakan tenaga manusia. Sehari sebelum ditanami maka airnya dikeluarkan supaya Nampak bekas garis (caplakan). Di samping itu pupuk juga disebarkan setelah airnya kering (tapi tidak kering benar).
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english):
How to Grow a plot of land for Rice Cultivation
(Source: Hardjodinomo, Soekirno., 1970. Planting Rice. York: Publisher Binacipta.)
In this case the work can be summarized as follows:
a) work the land,
b) Create a field nursery,
1) wet seedbed,
2) Nursery dry,
c) Planting of rice,
d) Maintain the plant:1) irrigate,2) Removing the grass (weeds),3) Cultivate,4) Memberntas pests and diseases,e) Picking up and maintain the results,f) Maintain rice seedlings.
I) Working Rice Field Soil
a) The state of the fields. In the rice fields seeking the most important is the cultivation of land, the land must be:1) Can hold water so that the land can be flooded,2) Can easily acquire and dispose of water,With respect to the first condition the field was surrounded by a bund or galengan and its surface is flat and the same height.Dengna different field or moor. In the lowlands, areas of land in the form of a rectangular plot. On the other mountains again is uncertain, following the slope of the mountain. Dikes or galengan it seems trivial, but it plays an important role in the paddy soil. When the dike was leaking water certainly could not saved, then corrupted the underlying plot. More if the plot has been planted. In the mountains for example, where the difference is very big plot, if galengan was breaking, repair may take a little longer. Galengan therefore need to be maintained well and be strong. Bund it does reduce the extent of the fields, the more pematangnya galengannya wider and more narrow area of his land. In the lowlands generally broad ridge that is 5% and in the mountains 10% to 15% of the land area was undertaken.
b) Working Wetland soil. Before the rainy season, usually farmers are ready. Tools such as hoes, plows, porcupines, rakes, sickles, prepared. Also drains were being repaired for mutual assistance obligations. Of course, the seed had long prepared. In this work the land there are several factors to consider:
The nature of the soil, heavy or ringankah.
The location map, far away or close to waterways,
The state of the ground at the time to be done, a lot of grass or bersihkah.
Power available to farmers, does have a cow or buffalo or just shovel it.
Sufficient time available for working on the land,
type of rice to be grown (early maturing, in, fur or gundil) have first to be determined.
Given the above it on the ground there is a wide variety of work, including the following:
Variation System(System) The number of job(Job) Specification(Note)Dipacul plowed into the raked to1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3I 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X a) after the last hijacked alternately raked.b) rake is the last job that only 1 timesII 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 XIII 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 XIV 1 X 1 X 1 XV 1 X 1 XVI 1 X 1 X 1 XVII 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 XVIII 1 X 1 X 1 XIX 1 X 1 X 1 XX 1 X 1 X
The above example shows that in the field there is a lot of work needs to hire and there is little need power. It depends on who worked the land and labor available. For example, sample No.. I was requiring a lot of power, being No. instance. X little. Generally working on the ground with the plow is faster and better than using a hoe. The purpose of plowing or hoeing is ground into the mud so that it increases the rake while that plot is flat and mud increased creamed.
At times harrowing water should taste (Macak-Macak) and should not be out of the plot. In this area is called the rake Priangan ngangler or ngararata and usually do not use animal power but using human power. The day before planting it appears that the water is expelled former line (caplakan). In addition, fertilizers are also distributed after the water dried (but not dry properly).
(Source: Hardjodinomo, Soekirno., 1970. Planting Rice. York: Publisher Binacipta.)
In this case the work can be summarized as follows:
a) work the land,
b) Create a field nursery,
1) wet seedbed,
2) Nursery dry,
c) Planting of rice,
d) Maintain the plant:1) irrigate,2) Removing the grass (weeds),3) Cultivate,4) Memberntas pests and diseases,e) Picking up and maintain the results,f) Maintain rice seedlings.
I) Working Rice Field Soil
a) The state of the fields. In the rice fields seeking the most important is the cultivation of land, the land must be:1) Can hold water so that the land can be flooded,2) Can easily acquire and dispose of water,With respect to the first condition the field was surrounded by a bund or galengan and its surface is flat and the same height.Dengna different field or moor. In the lowlands, areas of land in the form of a rectangular plot. On the other mountains again is uncertain, following the slope of the mountain. Dikes or galengan it seems trivial, but it plays an important role in the paddy soil. When the dike was leaking water certainly could not saved, then corrupted the underlying plot. More if the plot has been planted. In the mountains for example, where the difference is very big plot, if galengan was breaking, repair may take a little longer. Galengan therefore need to be maintained well and be strong. Bund it does reduce the extent of the fields, the more pematangnya galengannya wider and more narrow area of his land. In the lowlands generally broad ridge that is 5% and in the mountains 10% to 15% of the land area was undertaken.
b) Working Wetland soil. Before the rainy season, usually farmers are ready. Tools such as hoes, plows, porcupines, rakes, sickles, prepared. Also drains were being repaired for mutual assistance obligations. Of course, the seed had long prepared. In this work the land there are several factors to consider:
The nature of the soil, heavy or ringankah.
The location map, far away or close to waterways,
The state of the ground at the time to be done, a lot of grass or bersihkah.
Power available to farmers, does have a cow or buffalo or just shovel it.
Sufficient time available for working on the land,
type of rice to be grown (early maturing, in, fur or gundil) have first to be determined.
Given the above it on the ground there is a wide variety of work, including the following:
Variation System(System) The number of job(Job) Specification(Note)Dipacul plowed into the raked to1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3I 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X a) after the last hijacked alternately raked.b) rake is the last job that only 1 timesII 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 XIII 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 XIV 1 X 1 X 1 XV 1 X 1 XVI 1 X 1 X 1 XVII 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 XVIII 1 X 1 X 1 XIX 1 X 1 X 1 XX 1 X 1 X
The above example shows that in the field there is a lot of work needs to hire and there is little need power. It depends on who worked the land and labor available. For example, sample No.. I was requiring a lot of power, being No. instance. X little. Generally working on the ground with the plow is faster and better than using a hoe. The purpose of plowing or hoeing is ground into the mud so that it increases the rake while that plot is flat and mud increased creamed.
At times harrowing water should taste (Macak-Macak) and should not be out of the plot. In this area is called the rake Priangan ngangler or ngararata and usually do not use animal power but using human power. The day before planting it appears that the water is expelled former line (caplakan). In addition, fertilizers are also distributed after the water dried (but not dry properly).
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