Imperalisme Inggris di India/British imperialism in India FOR GENERAL HISTORY
Imperalisme Inggris di India
(Sumber: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia Ditengah-tengah Dunia dari Abad keabad. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan. (perubahan: Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan/EYD))
Pada abad XVIII, Kerajaan Moghul di India telah merosot kekuasaan. Kekuasaan sesungguhnya jatuh ditangan bangsa Maratha. Setelah tentara bangsa Maratha pada tahun 1761 di Panipat dihancurkan oleh Ahmad Shah dari Afghanistan maka lenyaplah kekuasaan sentral yang berkuasa di Inggris. Saat itu adalah kesempatan yang sebaiknya bagi Inggris untuk mengembangkan kekuasaannya di India. Hanya di India Selatan ada satu kerajaan yang mengadakan perlawanan sengit terhadap majunya kekuasaan Inggris itu yakni Kerajaan Mysore di bawah pimpinan Hyder Ali dan Tippu Sahib. Tetapi perlawanan Mysore itu sia-sia. Dalam Perang Mysore-Inggris yang terakhir Tippu Sahib gugur pada tahun 1799. Setelah patahnya perlawanan Mysore itu maka terbukalah India bagi Inggris.
Pada masa itu Inggris di Eropa terlihat dalam perang mati-matian dengan Perancis. Zaman itu adalah zaman Napoleon. Sebagai akibat Peraturan Kontinental, perdagangan Inggris dengan sebagian besar Negara Eropa terputus. Padahal produksi Inggris sebagai akibat Revolusi Industri sangat meningkat. Maka Inggris harus mencari pasar lain bagi barang hasil industrinya itu.
Inggris berkuasa di laut. Perhubungan antara Eropa dan dunia luar terutama dengan India dikuasai seluruhnya. Negeri Eropa lainnya didesaknya. Kelemahan kekuasaan di India memberi kesempatan sebaiknya bagi Inggris untuk meluaskan daerah pengaruhnya dan menanamkan kekuasaan di sana. Wellesley dikirim ke India menjabat gubernur jenderal dari tahun 1798 sampai tahun 1805.
Mulailah masa imperalisme Inggris di India. Pada ketika itu daerah kekuasaan Inggris terbatas pada Benggala, Madras, Bombay (Sekarang Mumbay) dan beberapa benteng yang diperkuat. Welleslet dengan cepat meluaskan kekuasaan Inggris dengan mempergunakan berbagai alasan. Mula direbutnya “Surat” Dipantai Barat dan Tanjore dipantai Timur sebelah Selatan Madras. Kemudian seluruh negeri Karnatik dimasukkan dalam wilayah Kompeni Inggris. Sesudah itu datang gilirannya bagi Kerajaan Oudh di Utara. Sebagian besar negeri Oudh itu dicaplok dengan alasan bahwa keadaan keuangan negeri itu tidak beres dan urusan pemerintahan tidak berjalan lancar. Oleh karena itu, maka negeri itu terkepung oleh daerah Inggris daerah segala jurusan kecuali pada pada tapal batas Utara yang berpapasan dengan Nepal sehingga semenjak itu negeri Oudh dalam segala urusannya menjadi tergantung pada Inggris.
Setelah itu Wellesley mencari pengluasan kekuasaan di daerah pantai Barat sekitar Bombay. Di sana ialah Kerajaan Maratha, yang sungguhpun telah sangat merosot, masih juga merupakan kekuasaan yang tidak dapat diabaikan dengan begitu saja. Maka Wellesley mencari alasan untuk berperang dengan negeri Maratha untuk mematahkan kekuasaan negeri itu. Ia mencari perhubungan dengan negeri Peshwa dan menghasut negeri itu untuk menduduki berbagai bagian dari negeri Maratha. Dengan sendirinya timbul perang antara Peshwa dan negeri Maratha. Inggirs membantu Peshwa. Maratha menderita berbagai kekalahan dan terpaksa menyerahkan beberapa daerah luas kepada Inggris, yakni beberapa bagian di Rajputana dan daerah Kuttak di pantai Timur, sehingga propinsi Madras dapat dihubungkan dengan Benggala.
Daerah pantai sebelah barat Mysorepun direbut pula. Juga seluruh pantai pulau Sailan (Srilanka).
Demikian maka dalam beberapa tahun saja Wellesley berhasil menguasai hampir seluruh pantai India dan berbagai bagian penting di pedalaman.
Dalam pada itu Inggris mengeratkan perhubungannya dengan Peshway dan dengan Nizam Hyderabad. Terutama Nizam sangat diberi hati, dijadikan sekutunya dan diberi pengluasan daerah atas kerugian negeri Maratha. Dengan demikian oleh Inggris dihidupkan, permusuhan antara Maratha dan Nizam. Politik demikian itu dinamakan devide et impera yakni politik memecah belah agar supaya dapat berkuasa. Tetapi terhadap Nizam oleh Inggris pun diadakan penjagaan keras yang terjadi dari tentara kuat. Tentara itu ditempatkan di bagian selatan dan menguasai daerah perbatasan antara negeri Nizam dan Mysore untuk mencegah persekutuan antara kedua negeri itu.
Sementara itu dua negeri tumbuh menjadi kuat: Nepal dan Sikh.
Nepal negeri bangsa Gurkha, letaknya di sebelah Utara Oudh, dilereng pegunungan Himalaya. Pada permulaan abad XIX itu kekuasaannya berkembang. Oudh dijadikan bulanannya; beberapa bagian dari negeri Oudh direbutnya dan dimasukkan dalam wilayahnya.
Bangsa Sikh bukan merupakan suatu bangsa melainkan meliputi berbagai suku bangsa yang terikat oleh agamanya, agama Sikh yang agak besar bedanya dari agama Hindu lainnya.
Mula negeri Sikh meliputi daerah kecil disekitar Amritsar dan Lahore. Setelah Ranjit Singh menjadi pemimpin pada tahun 1798, negeri Sikh cepat berkembang, meliputi seluh lembah antara sungai Sutlej dan sungai Sindhu, yaitu daerah Punjab dan sebagian daerah Kashmir. Kemudian sungai Sindhu dilintasnya dan lembah sebelah Barat sungai Sindhupun dimasukkannya dalam wilayah Kerajaan Sikh. Dalam usahanya meluaskan wilayahnya itu Ranjit Singh berkali-kali berperang dan mengalahkan bangsa Gurkha dan bangsa Afgan. Iapun ingin merebut daerah seberang Tiur sungai Sutlej, tetapi maksudnya dihalangi oleh Inggris.
British imperialism in India
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
In the eighteenth century, the Moghul Empire in India has been declining power. Fall in the hands of the nation's real powers Maratha. Once the nation Maratha army at Panipat in 1761 was destroyed by Ahmad Shah of Afghanistan then fled away, the central power of the ruling in the UK. It was the best opportunity for the UK to develop power in India. Only in South India there is one kingdom that held a fierce resistance to the advance of the British rule in the Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tippu Sahib. But resistance is futile Mysore. In-Mysore War Tippu Sahib English last fall in 1799. After the fracture resistance of Mysore was then opened India to the UK.
At that time the British in Europe appear in the war with France desperately. Era is the age of Napoleon. As a result of Regulation Continental, British trade with most European countries cut off.Though production of the UK as a result of the Industrial Revolution greatly increased. So England have to find other markets for industrial goods produced it.
British sea power. Nexus between Europe and the outside world, especially with India overwhelmed. Other European countries didesaknya. The weakness of power in India should be given a chance for England to expand its regional influence and instill power there. Wellesley was sent to the office of governor-general of India in 1798 until 1805.
Begin British imperialism in India. In the British territory when it was confined to Bengal, Madras, Bombay (Now Mumbay) and some fortified fortress. Welleslet rapidly expanding British power by using a variety of reasons. At the capture of "Mail" on the western and southern part of the eastern shore of Tanjore Madras. Then the whole country Karnatik included in the Company's area of England.After it came turn for the kingdom of Oudh in the North. Most of Oudh was annexed country on the grounds that the country's financial situation is wrong and government affairs are not running smoothly. Therefore, the country was besieged by the British regional areas in every direction except at the northern boundary of Nepal that passed since the country Oudh in all his affairs became dependent on England.
After that Wellesley seeking aggrandizement of power in the West coast area around Bombay. There is the Maratha kingdom, which although has been deeply eroded, there is also a power that can not be ignored just like that. Wellesley then find an excuse to go to war with the Maratha country to break the power of the country. He was looking for a nexus with the Peshwa country and inciting the country to occupy different parts of the Maratha country. By itself arises war between the country and the Maratha Peshwa. English cuisine helped Peshwa. Maratha suffered many defeats and forced to hand over some wide area to the British, that some parts of Rajputana and Kuttak areas on the East coast, so it can be connected with the Madras province of Bengal.
The beach area west Mysorepun taken anyway. Also the entire coast of the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
Thus, within a few years Wellesley had mastered almost the entire coast of India and various parts essential in the interior.
In the meantime, Britain tightened Peshway perhubungannya with the Nizam and Hyderabad. Especially given the Nizam very heart, become allies and regional aggrandizement losses Maratha country. Thus, the British turned on, the hostility between the Marathas and the Nizam. Such political divide et impera called the divisive politics in order to be powerful. But the Nizam was held custody by British hard going from the powerful army. The army was deployed in the south and took control of the border between the Nizam and Mysore country to prevent an alliance between the two countries.
Meanwhile, the two countries grew stronger: Nepal and Sikhs.
Nepalese Gurkha nation state, is located in northern Oudh, slope of the Himalayas. At the beginning of the nineteenth century's growing power. Oudh made monthly, some parts of the country Oudh captured and included in its territory.
Sikh nation is not a nation but rather includes various ethnic groups are bound by religion, the Sikh religion a rather large difference of Hindu religion.
First Sikh state covers a small area around Amritsar and Lahore.After Ranjit Singh became leader in 1798, quickly growing Sikh country, covering seluh valley between the rivers Sutlej and the Indus River, the region of Punjab and parts of Kashmir. Then dilintasnya Sindhu river and the river valley west of the Sindhupun inclusion within the Sikh kingdom. In expanding its territory was Ranjit Singh repeatedly fought and defeated the Gurkha and Afghan nations.And he wanted to seize the area across the river Sutlej Tiur, but means hindered by England.
(Source: Soeroto.1964. Indonesia midst of World Ages keabad. Jakarta: Publisher Djambatan. (Changes: Enhanced Spell / EYD))
In the eighteenth century, the Moghul Empire in India has been declining power. Fall in the hands of the nation's real powers Maratha. Once the nation Maratha army at Panipat in 1761 was destroyed by Ahmad Shah of Afghanistan then fled away, the central power of the ruling in the UK. It was the best opportunity for the UK to develop power in India. Only in South India there is one kingdom that held a fierce resistance to the advance of the British rule in the Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tippu Sahib. But resistance is futile Mysore. In-Mysore War Tippu Sahib English last fall in 1799. After the fracture resistance of Mysore was then opened India to the UK.
At that time the British in Europe appear in the war with France desperately. Era is the age of Napoleon. As a result of Regulation Continental, British trade with most European countries cut off.Though production of the UK as a result of the Industrial Revolution greatly increased. So England have to find other markets for industrial goods produced it.
British sea power. Nexus between Europe and the outside world, especially with India overwhelmed. Other European countries didesaknya. The weakness of power in India should be given a chance for England to expand its regional influence and instill power there. Wellesley was sent to the office of governor-general of India in 1798 until 1805.
Begin British imperialism in India. In the British territory when it was confined to Bengal, Madras, Bombay (Now Mumbay) and some fortified fortress. Welleslet rapidly expanding British power by using a variety of reasons. At the capture of "Mail" on the western and southern part of the eastern shore of Tanjore Madras. Then the whole country Karnatik included in the Company's area of England.After it came turn for the kingdom of Oudh in the North. Most of Oudh was annexed country on the grounds that the country's financial situation is wrong and government affairs are not running smoothly. Therefore, the country was besieged by the British regional areas in every direction except at the northern boundary of Nepal that passed since the country Oudh in all his affairs became dependent on England.
After that Wellesley seeking aggrandizement of power in the West coast area around Bombay. There is the Maratha kingdom, which although has been deeply eroded, there is also a power that can not be ignored just like that. Wellesley then find an excuse to go to war with the Maratha country to break the power of the country. He was looking for a nexus with the Peshwa country and inciting the country to occupy different parts of the Maratha country. By itself arises war between the country and the Maratha Peshwa. English cuisine helped Peshwa. Maratha suffered many defeats and forced to hand over some wide area to the British, that some parts of Rajputana and Kuttak areas on the East coast, so it can be connected with the Madras province of Bengal.
The beach area west Mysorepun taken anyway. Also the entire coast of the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
Thus, within a few years Wellesley had mastered almost the entire coast of India and various parts essential in the interior.
In the meantime, Britain tightened Peshway perhubungannya with the Nizam and Hyderabad. Especially given the Nizam very heart, become allies and regional aggrandizement losses Maratha country. Thus, the British turned on, the hostility between the Marathas and the Nizam. Such political divide et impera called the divisive politics in order to be powerful. But the Nizam was held custody by British hard going from the powerful army. The army was deployed in the south and took control of the border between the Nizam and Mysore country to prevent an alliance between the two countries.
Meanwhile, the two countries grew stronger: Nepal and Sikhs.
Nepalese Gurkha nation state, is located in northern Oudh, slope of the Himalayas. At the beginning of the nineteenth century's growing power. Oudh made monthly, some parts of the country Oudh captured and included in its territory.
Sikh nation is not a nation but rather includes various ethnic groups are bound by religion, the Sikh religion a rather large difference of Hindu religion.
First Sikh state covers a small area around Amritsar and Lahore.After Ranjit Singh became leader in 1798, quickly growing Sikh country, covering seluh valley between the rivers Sutlej and the Indus River, the region of Punjab and parts of Kashmir. Then dilintasnya Sindhu river and the river valley west of the Sindhupun inclusion within the Sikh kingdom. In expanding its territory was Ranjit Singh repeatedly fought and defeated the Gurkha and Afghan nations.And he wanted to seize the area across the river Sutlej Tiur, but means hindered by England.
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