POLA KERUANGAN DESA DAN KOTA/ PATTERN spatial VILLAGE AND TOWN FOR CLASS XII IPS SEMESTER 1 KEBUMIAN
POLA KERUANGAN DESA DAN KOTA
(Sumber: Hasan, Nur. Geografi SMA Kelas XII. Surabaya: BintangKarya.)
A) Potensi Desa dan Perkembangan Kota
1) Pengertian Desa. Desa yang dikemukakan segi geografis, Prof. Drs. Bintarto, desa adalah suatu hasil perpaduan antara kegiatan sekelompok manusia dengan lingkungannya. Hasil perpaduan itu ialah suatu wujud atau kenampakkan di muka bumi yang ditimbulkan oleh unsur fisiografis, social, ekonomi, politik, dan kulturan yang saling berinteraksi antar unsur tersebut dan juga dalam hubungannya dengna daerah lain.
Unsur Desa:
a) Daerah, meliputi tanah produktif dan yang tidak produktif, penggunaan lahan, lokasi, luas dan batas yang merupakan lingkungan geografis setempat.
b) penduduk, meliputi jumlah, pertambahan, kepadatan, persebaran dan mata pencaharian penduduk desa setempat.
c) tata kehidupan yaitu menyangkut seluk-beluk kehidupan masyarakat desa. Misalnya pola tata pergaulan, adat-istiadat.
Karakteristik desa terdiri dari: mata pencahariannya agraris, ruang kerja di lapangan terbuka, pekerjaan masih banyak tergantung pada alam, rumah dan tempat kerja berdekatan, kepadatan penduduk rendah, stratifikasi social sederhana dan sedikit, dengan kata lain jumlah kelas-kelas sosialnya sedikit, adat istiadat sebagai control social, sifat gotong royong tinggi (Gemeinshaft), mobilitas rendah, status sosialnya stabil atau relative lambat, masyarakat homogeny.
2) Pola persebaran pemukiman desa
Ada pola pemukiman desa yaitu:
a) pola pemukumiman desa mengelompok (Nucleated Village) yaitu pemusatan penduduk desa hidup menggerombol membentuk suatu kelompok yang disebut nucleus. Pola ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor sebagai berikut:
(1) tanah yang subur adalah daerah yang memiliki tanah yang subur memikat penduduk untuk berdiam mengelompok.
(2) reliefnya tidak kasar adalah daerah dataran rendah yang banyak didiami penduduk.
(3) air tanah yang dalam adalah daerah ini akan didapatkan jumlah sumur yang sedikit dan jumlah memusat disekitar sumur.
(4) Keamanan daerah yang keamanannya belum menjamin, penduduk akan hidup mengelompok.
b) Pola pemukiman desa memanjang (line village) yaitu penduduk desa menyusun tempat tinggalnya mengikuti jalur pantai, sungai atau jalur jalan dan membentuk suatu deretan perumahan.
c) pola pemukiman desa menyebar (open country village) yaitu penduduk desa memilih atau membangun tempat kediamannya tersebar di suatu daerah pertanian hingga dimungkinkan adanya suatu hubungan dagang, karena perbedaan produksi dan kebutuhan. Pola ini juga disebut trade center community. Pemukiman penduduk yang menyebar dipengaruhi oleh faktor sebagai berikut:
(1) bencana banjir adalah daerah banjir dapat menjadi pemisah antara pemukiman penduduk antar satu dengan yang lainnya.
(2) topografi yang kasar adalah daerah ini pemukiman penduduk akan menyebar.
(3) air tanah yang dangkal adalah pembuatan sumur dibuat dengan mudah dimana-mana sehingga pemukiman perumahan penduduk menyebar mengikuti penyebaran sumur.
3) Potensi Desa dan Keterkaitannya dengan Perkembangan Kota
a) Potensi fisik desa berupaL
i) tanah; faktor terpenting bagi penduduk mata pencahariannya pertanian.
ii) air; air untuk keperluan sehari-hari, irigasi.
iii) iklim; menjadi peranan penting bagi desa agraris.
iv) ternak; sebagai sumber tenaga, sumber makanan, sumber keuangan.
v) manusia; sebagai pengelolaan, produsen, dan konsumen.
b) potensi non fisik desa meliputi:
i) masyarakat desa hidup secara gotong royong merupakan kekuatan berproduksi dan membangun.
ii) lembaga social, pendidikan dan lembaga lain yang dapat memberi bantuan social serta bimbingan yang positif.
iii) aparatur atau pamong desa yang menjadi sumber kelancaran dari ketertiban jalan roda pemerintahan desa.
Fungsi desa:
(1) Desa sebagai pemberi ke kota berupa bahan makanan, perdagangan, bahan baku industry khususnya industry agraris, dan tenaga manusia.
(2) desa sebagai pusat bahan mentah dan tenaga manusia.
(3) dari segi mata pencaharian warga desa, dapat berupa desa agraris, desa manufaktur, desa industry, desa nelayan.
(4) desa sebagai potensi pembangunan.
Kaitan antara kota dan desa keduanya mempunyai sifat ketergantungan, antara lain:
(1) kota sebagai pusat perdagangan (trade center) yaitu pasaran hasil produksi desa, misalnya variasi hasil pertanian, hasil manuafaktur, dan home industry.
(2) kota sebagai pusat pelayanan (service center) yaitu pusat barang konsumsi atau barang yang juga diperlukan oleh orang desa. Misalnya alat pertanian, hasil industry ringan, hasil industry berat.
(3) kota terdapat sarana pendidikan yang diperlukan oleh orang desa khususnya perguruan tinggi.
(4) kota sebagai tempat memperoleh lapangan kerja bagi orang desa.
4) Pengertian Kota. Kota disebut Urban (perkotaan) artinya suatu bentuk aglomerasi penduduk yang memiliki suasana kehidupan dan penghidupan modern.
Beberapa pengertian dan batasan Kota yang dikemukakan oleh para pakar:
a) Menurut Profesor Bintarto, Kota adalah sebuah bentang budaya yang ditimbulkan oleh unsur alami dan non alami dengan gejalanya pemusatan penduduk yang cukup besar dan corak kehidupannya yang bersifat heterogen dan materialistis dibandingkan dengna daerah belakangnya.
b) menurut Wirth, Kota adalah sebuah pemukiman yang cukup besar, padat, dan permanen, dihuni oleh orang yang heterogen kedudukan sosialnya.
c) Menurut Max Weber, Kotaadalah suatu tempat apabila penghuni setempatnya dapat memenuhi sebagian kebutuhan ekonominya di pasar local.
Unsur Kota
a) ruang adalah tanah dan lingkungan yang teratur dan digunakan untuk mendirikan gedung dan bangunan seperti kantor, bank, stasiun, pasar, bioskop, rumah sakit, toko, jaringan lalu lintas, tempat rekreasi dan olahraga, tempat parkir.
b) pengatur kotaa meliputi pengatur administrative dan pengaturan tata kota.
c) warga kota adalah penduduk yang mengisi kesibukan kota dibidang pendidikan, seni, perdagangan, kebudayaan, pengangkutan, pertokoan, rumah makan, kesehatan dan lainnya.
Ciri kota
a) ciri kota adalah gedung perkatoran, pertokoan, perumuhan penduduk, sekolah, rumah sakit, tempat rekreasi, tempat peribadatan, stasiun atau terminal, tempat parker, sarana olahraga, jaringan pipa air atau kabel.
b) ciri social adalah mata pencaharian penduduk non agraris dan heterogen, mempunyai kepadatan penduduk tinggi, mobilitasnya tinggi, control sosialnya adalah hukum dan peraturan tertulis, sifat kelompok masyarakatnya geselchaf, status sosialnya tidak stabil, banyak terdapat lembaga dan komplek, banyak stratifikasi social dan komplek.
Fungsi Kota sebagai:
a) pelayanan daerah belakang kota atau hinterland.
b) penghubung antar daerah dan juga penguhubung antar daerah belakangnya.
c) industry pengolahan, fungsi ini biasanya terkosentrasi dalam atau dekat dengan kota besar karena fasilitas umum lancar sedangkan kota kecil umumnya home industry.
d) sub pusat pemukiman adalah sebagian penduduk tinggal dekat pusat kota besar dan ada pula yang mencoba pindah beserta keluarganya kepinggir kota dan pulang pergi ke pusat kota untuk kerja termasuk commuters.
Ada beberapa istitilah terletak antara Kota dengan desa yakni: city= pusat kota/ inti kota, sub urban atau Faubourgh adalah suatu area yang lokasinya dekat pusat kota atau inti kota dengan luas mencakup daerah penglaju atau commuter, sub urban fringe adalah suatu daerah peralihan antara kota dan desa, lokasinya mengelilingi sub urban, urban fringe adalah suatu daerah batas luar kota yang mempunyai sifat mirip dengan kota kecuali kota inti, rural urban fringe adalah jalur daerah yang terletak antara daerah kota dengan desaa yang ditandai dengan penggunaan tanah campuran, rural=pedesaan.
B) Membedakan Struktur Ruang Desa dengan Kota
1) Struktur Ruang Desa. Tata ruang adalah pola pemanfaatan ruang atau lahan baik direncanakan maupun tidak direncakanan. Tata ruang desa adalah suatu daerah tempat tinggal penduduk yang memanfaatkan lingkungan guna kelangsungan hidup penduduk desa. Ciri pola keruangan desa antara lain:
a) penggunaan lahan untuk pertanian dan pemukiman. Penduduk desa sebagian besar pekerjaannya pertanian maka lahan desa sebagian digunakan untuk pemukiman dan sisanya diolah menjadi pertanian yaitu pertanian bercocok tanam perikanan, perkebunan, perkebunan, peternakan, kehutanan.
b) lahan dibuat blok secara mendatar (zoning horizontal) yaitu lahan di desa dibuat blok secara mendatar dan diciptakan sebagai daerah pertanian. Hal ini disebabkan karena lahan desa masih luas dan kepadatan penduduknya kecil.
c) rumah dan tempat pekerjaan berdekatan. Penduduk desa yang bertempat tinggal disekitarnya sawah, jarak antara tempat tinggal dengan tempat kerja berdekatan, maka tingkat mobilitasnya rendah.
d) sistem pertanian intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi. Pendudu kdesa dalam mengelolah lahan pertanian dengan cara intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi. Desa yang berdekatan dengan kota terdapat industry kerajinan industry kecil yang banyak, tetapi tanah pertaniannya semakin sempit, sedangkan desa letaknya jauh dari kota tanah pertanian semakin luas.
Teori zone kosentris untuk pola produksi pertanian dikemukakan oleh Johann Henrich Von Thunen (Jerman) tahun 1826, bahwa kota sebagai tempat pemasaran produksi pertanian yang berasal dari desa atau zone sekeliling kota pemasaran tersebut sehingga zonenya membentuk lingkaran. Masing zone menghasilkan tanaman tertentu dan menghasilkan keuntungan maksimal berbeda. Biaya transportasi berbanding lurus dengan jarak. Semakin jauh dari kota pemasaran transportasinya semakin besar dan keuntungan semakin kecil.
Kelemahan teori von Thunen:
1) adanya kemajuan transportasi dapat menghemat waktu dan uang sehingga resiko busuknya komoditi dapat dikurangi.
2) adanya berbagai bentu pengawetan mengubah tata kerja transport, pengoperan dan gudang komoditi sehingga pengiriman ke pasaran dapat lebih jauh serta timbul persaingan.
3) usaha pertanian di Negara industry kini mampu membentuk kelompok produksi, tak tergantung penuh relasinya dengan kota.
4) antara konsumen dan produsen telah membentuk usaha yang menyangkut pemasaran komoditi sehingga konsumen tidak secara langsung menerima dari jasa perkotaan.
U=H-(P+T)
U= Keuntungan.
H= Harga penjualan komoditi.
P= Biaya produksi.
T= Biaya transportasi ke pasar.
2) Struktur Ruang Kota. Lokasi pusat kegiatan atau PDK (Pusat Daerah Kegiatan) di kota terdapat di daerah inti kota sebagai CBD (Central Business Districts) atau Loo[ (sebutan Chicago). Lokasi pusat kegiatan berupa gedung yang dibangun dengan indah yang menarik pengunjung. Polak keruangan di lokasi kegiatan atau CBD (Central Business Districts) adalah:
a) pusat pertokoan dan perdagangan. Di CBD (Central Business Districts) merupakan pusat pertokoan besar yang serba ada (departemen stores), pertokoan barang yang bervariasi, toko pengecer untuk keperluan sehari-hari bagi warga kota maupun luar kota.
b) pusat perkantoran, di CBD (Central Business Districts) terdapat kantor pemerintah dan swasta, kantor pemasaran perdagangan atau hasil industry dan kantor jasa.
c) bangunan gedung atau zone berkembang secara vertical yaitu lahan di daerah inti kota CBD (Central Business Districts) dibangun gedung bertingkat dan dibuat blok. Pembentuk zone secara vertical dengan pertimbangan: harga tanah mahal, sebagai pusat kegiatan yang bermacam-macam dan tempat pemasaran, komunikasi antara zone lebih mudah bila dibandingkan dengan pembentukan zone secara horizontal, jaringan lalu lintas dan perhubungan antar zone lancar dan dapat dilakukan dengan jalan kaki.
d) fungsi bagunan atau zone bermacam-macam. Jalur atau zone di wilayah CBD (Central Business Districts) difungsikan untuk perdagangan, bank, tempat bioskop besar, hotelm perumahan cakrawala dan elit, pertokoan besar, perkantoran, tempat hiburan dan rekreasi. Gedung dibangun dengan indah yang menarik pengunjung. Pengunjung daerah ini adalah golongan menengah ke atas, banyak orang kaya.
e) pemukiman tempat tinggal penduduk sedikit. Nilai harga lahan yang tinggi di CBD (Central Business Districts) sebagai daerah perdagangan maka lokasi CBD (Central Business Districts) yang difungsikan untuk pemukiman penduduk sedikit. Oleh karena itu CBD (Central Business Districts) ramai pada waktu siang dan sore hari tetapi sunyi pada malam hari.
f) tidak terdapat industry. Lokasi industry terdapat di luar CBD (Central Business Districts) atau ditepi kota, tetapi untuk menyalurkan hasil produksinya diperlukan kantor pemasaran gudang dan tenaga spesialis di CBD (Central Business Districts).
Ada beberapa pula unit kegiatan di kota, antara lain:
a) sentralisasi yaitu semua unit kegiatan mengelompok pada tempat utama yang kemudian menjadi PDK (Pusat Daerah Kegiatan) atau CBD (Central Business Districts).
b) nukleasi yaitu terbentuknya nucleus baru sebagai unit kegiatan baru yang lebih dari Pusat Daerah Kegiatan (PDK) atau nucleus utama (CBD (Central Business Districts)) atau ditepi daerah inti kota. Kota yang mempunyai satu nucleus berarti terdapat poli nucleus.
c) desentralisasi yaitu unit kegiatan atau nucleus baru menyebar dengan menjauhi titik utama. Pertokoan yang termasuk Primary Shopping Centers lokasinya di inti kota, sedangkan Secondary Shopping Centers atau Supermarket lebih suka menempati di selaput inti kota.
d) segregasi merupakan kelompok perumahan yang terpisah satu sama lain karena perbedaan social, ekonomi dan kebudayaan.
3) Persebaran pemukiman Kota. Pemukiman kota selalu berkembang dan dapat merubah struktur tata guna lahan kota disebabkan adanya daya sentrifugal dan daya sentripetal pada kota.
a) daya sentrifugal. Daya sentrifugal merupakan gerakan keluar dari penduduk dan berbagai usahanya sehingga terjadi persebaran pemukiman dan kegiatan manusia serta relokasi sector dan zone kota. Adapun faktor yang mendorong sentrifugal antara lain: kota tidak tercipta Aman, Tertib, Lancar, Sehat (A.T.L.A.S), berdirinya industry baru di tepi kota yang tanah kosong masih luas, sewa tanah lebih murah dibandingkan dengan di tengah kota, di tengah kota tidak mungkin diadakan pemukiman gedung baru, perumahan di kota umumnya tidak memenuhi syarat, sempit, tidak sehat, adanya keinginan penduduk pindah keluar kota.
b) daya sentripetal. Daya sentripetal merupakan gerakan ke dalam dari penduduk dan berbagai usahanya sehinggga terjadi pemusatan kegiatan manusia. Adapun faktor yang mendorong adanya gerakan sentripetal sebagai berikut: adanya lokasi yang strategis untuk kegiatan ekonomi, adanya kelompok gedung yang sejenis fungsinya, dan fasilitasnya baik, adanya tempat rekreasi dan olah raga, jarak tempat kerja dengan rumah dekat sehingga memilih lokasi di tengah kota.
3) Teori Pola Keruangan di perkotaan, lahan di perkotaan digunakan untuk perdaganganm perkantoranm pertokoanm industry, parker, rekreasi, pemukiman (kelas rendah, menengah, tinggi). Adapun lokasi keruangan di pertokoan ada 3 teori yaitu:
a) teori Konsentris Burgess. Teori ini dikenal dengan Concentric model atau zoning model yang dikemukakan oleh E. W. Burgess tahun 1923. Teori kosentris menjleaskan bahwa daerah perkotaan meluas secara merata dari suatu inti kota atau CBD (Central Business Districts) yang dapat dibagi menjadi lima zona dan masing zona berbentuk lingkaran dengan fungsi tertentu.
i) zone pusat daerah kegiatan (PDK). Zona ini difungsikan untuk perdagangan, bank, tempat bioskop besar, hotel, perumahan cakrawala dan elit, pertokoan besar, perkantoran, tempat hiburan dan rekreasi. Gedung dibangun dengan indah yang menarik pengunjung. Pengunjung CBD (Central Business Districts) termasuk golongan menengah ke atas, banyak orang kaya dan berpendidikan.
ii) zone peralihan. Zone ini menajdi sasaran perluasan Pusat Daerah Kegiatan (PDK) ini difungsikan sebgai perhotelan, tempat parkir, pertokoan. Oleh karena itu penduduknya tidak stabil (tenang) baik tempat tinggal maupun social ekonominya.
iii) zone pemukiman kelas proletar. Zone ini merupakan pemukiman buruh rendahan, rumah kecil tidak begitu menarik. Zone ini oleh Burgess disebut Working men’s Home.
Iv) zone pemukiman kelas menengah. Zone ini merupakan komplek perumahan dari para karyawan kelas menengah, mereka mempunyai keahlian tertentu, kondisi rumah lebih baik dibandingkan di daerah kelas proletar.
vi) zone penglaju. Zone ini disebut perumahan luar sub urban (Harris Ullman), dan zone penglaju (Burness).
Daerah ini sudah memasuki daerah belakang (hinterland), pendudukya bekerja di kota, mereka pergi ke kota dengan kendaraan bermotor, bus, kereta api pada pagi harinya dan sorenya mereka pulang ke rumahnya masing-masing.
Kota di Indonesia sistem zoning yang teratur seperti model konsentri sukar di dapat, karena: modal terbatas, city planners kurang sekali, ketaatan pada pasal pembangunan kota dan peraturan kota masih kurang, keadaan transportasi dan alat transportasi masih kurang memenuhi kebutuhan..
b) teori sector. Teori ini dikenal juga dengan sector Model yang dikemukakan oleh Homer Hoyt tahun 1939 berdasarkan analisis pola penggunaan lahan 142 kota Amerika, bahwa penggunan lahan kota berpola radial (sentrifugal). Pertumbuhan kota dimulai dari pusat inti CBD (Central Business Districts) ke sepanjang jalan rute yang tanahnya digunakan sefungsi, misalnya pertokoan, industry nilai tanah sector satu dengan yang lain berbeda dipengaruhi fungsi yang berbeda. Oleh karena sector berkembang sepanjang garis komunikasi utama (rute utama) yang berbentunk bintang yakni: pusat daerah kegiatan (PDK), transportasi perdagangan Besar dan Industri Kecil, Pemukiman Kelas rendah, pemukiman kelas menengah, pemukiman kelas tinggi.
c) Teori inti ganda Harris dan Ullman. Teori ini disebut Multiple nuclei modal yang dikemukakan oleh C. D. Harris dan E. L. Ullman, bahwa tata guna lahan dari wilayah kota berkembang mulai dari beberapa nucleus (inti) yang terpisah dan perkembang selanjutnya didorong oleh para imigran dengan kekhususan tata guna lahan. Zone pertama adalah pusat daerah kegiatan, zone kedua adalah perdagangan besar dan industry kecil, zone ketiga adalah pemukiman kelas rendah, zone keempat adalah pemukiman kelas menengah, zone kelima adalah pemukiman kelas tinggi, zone keenam adalah manufaktur berat, zone ketujuh adalah daerah di luar Pusat Daerah Kegiatan, zone kedelapan adalah pemukiman sub urban dan zone kesembilan adalah pemukiman industry sub urban.
C) Interaksi Wilayah Desa dan Kota. Interaksi kota merupakan suatu proses yang sifatnya timbale balik dan mempunyai pengaruh terhadap perilaku dari pihak yang bersangkutan melalui kontak langsung melalui berita yang didengar atau melalui surat kabar. Dikatakan juga interaksi adalah kontak atau hubungan antara dua wilayah atau lebih yang dapat menimbulkan gejala atau masalah baru. Interaksi desa kota dapat melalui perhubungan darat, laut, pos telekomunikasi. Tingkat kemajuan perhubungan dan jaringan lalu lintas berpengaruh terhadap kelancaran kota.
(1) bentuk arus interaksi antar kota ada tiga yakni:
(a) migrasi merupakan pergerakan atau perpindahan penduduk dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain.
(b) transportasi merupakan pergerakan atau perpindahan benda maupun manusia dari satu tempat ke tempat lain.
(c) komunikasi merupakan penyampaian atau perpindahan pesan atau sesuatu yang tidak berupa benda dari suatu tempat (pemberi pesan) ke tempat lain (penerima pesan), misalnya berita, gagasan , ilmu pengetahuan dan lainnya.
2) Faktor atau syarat yang mempengaruhi interaksi kota.
a) Koplementasi (saling melengkapi)
b) Transferabilitas (kemudahan pemindahan). Pemindahan manusia, benda, atau pesan antara kota dipengaruhi oleh faktor:
(1) harak mutlak dan jarak relative antar wilayah,
(2) biaya angkutan dari kota atau wilayah satu ke kota lain.
(3) kemudahan atau kelancaran arus antar wilayah atau kota, misalnya keadaan relief, jalan, jenis angkutan, sarana komunikasi yang digunakan.
c) tidak ada alternative lain. Pilihan lain berupa wilayah atau kota lain yang memiliki potensi sama atau berupa penemuan baru sebagai pengganti potensi yang ada. Kedua kondisi tersebut mempengarhui kuat dan lemahnya yaitu interaksi kota.
3) Manfaat interaksi kota yakni meningkatkan hubungan social ekonomi antar kota atau wilayah, meningkatkan ahli teknologi antar kota atau wilayah, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan penduduk antar kota atau wilayah, menimbulkan keanekaragaman mata pencaharian penduduk.
IN ENGLISH (with google translate Indonesian-english):
PATTERN spatial VILLAGE AND TOWN
(Source: Hasan, Nur. Geography High School Class XII. Surabaya: BintangKarya.)
A) Potential Development of Villages and Cities
1) Definition of the village. The village is mentioned in terms of geography, Prof.Drs. Bintarto, the village is a result of the integration between the activities of a group of humans and their environment. The result is a blend that form or kenampakkan on earth caused by Physiographic elements, social, economic, political, and kulturan interacting between these elements and also in relation to other areas dengna.
Elements Village:
a) The area, covering the land productive and unproductive, land use, location, area and boundaries of which are local geographic environment.
b) population, including number, accretion, density, distribution and livelihoods of local villagers.
c) the procedures concerning the life of the intricacies of village life. For example, patterns of social order, tradition.
Characteristics village consists of: agricultural livelihoods, work space in the open field, there are still many jobs depend on nature, home and workplace adjacent, low population density, social stratification is simpler and less, in other words the number of little social classes, mores as social control, the nature of high mutual assistance (Gemeinshaft), low mobility, social status is stable or relatively slow, homogeneous society.
2) The pattern of distribution of rural settlements
There is a village settlement patterns are:
a) pattern of clustered villages pemukumiman (Nucleated Village) is the concentration of villagers gather life form a group called the nucleus. This pattern was influenced by the following factors:
(1) is an area of fertile soil that has good soil clumped lure people to dwell.
(2) relief is not rude is that many low-lying areas inhabited by people.
(3) ground water in this area is the number of wells that we will get less and the number of centered around the well.
(4) Security not guarantee the security area, the population will live in groups.
b) The pattern of settlements stretching (line village) villagers are preparing their homes following the path of the beach, river or road lines and form a row of houses.
c) the pattern of settlements spread (open country village) villagers are choosing to build their own place or scattered in a farm until the possible existence of a trade, due to differences in production and needs. This pattern is also called trade center community. Settlements spread is influenced by the following factors:
(1) flood is a flood area can be a separation between residential areas between each other.
(2) the topography is rugged is this area settlements will spread.
(3) shallow groundwater wells are made easily everywhere so residential housing residents spread following the spread of the well.
3) Potential association was with the Village and Town Development
a) physical potential berupaL village
i) soil; most important factor for the agricultural livelihood.
ii) water, water for daily use and irrigation.
iii) climate; become an important role for agrarian villages.
iv) cattle as a source of energy, sources of food, sources of finance.
v) human as management, producers, and consumers.
b) non-physical potential villages include:
i) the villagers live in mutual cooperation is the production and build strength.
ii) a non-social, educational and other institutions that can provide social support and positive guidance.
iii) officials or village officials is the source of order the wheels smooth the village government.
Function village:
(1) The village as a conduit to the city in the form of food, trade, raw materials industry in particular agricultural industry, and human labor.
(2) as the center of the village of raw materials and manpower.
(3) in terms of the livelihood of the villagers, the village may be agricultural, manufacturing village, village industry, the fishing village.
(4) the village as a potential development.
The link between urban and rural areas both have dependency properties, among others:
(1) the city as a center of commerce (trade center) is the market production village, such as variations in agricultural output, outcome manuafaktur, and home industry.
(2) the town as a service center (service center) is the center of consumer goods or goods that are also needed by the villagers. For example, agricultural tools, light industrial results, the results of heavy industry.
(3) there is a city of education required by the villagers especially universities.
(4) the city as a place to obtain employment for the villagers.
4) Understanding the City. City called Urban (urban) means a form of agglomeration of the population that has the atmosphere of modern life and livelihood.
Some terms and restrictions set forth by the City of experts:
a) According to Professor Bintarto, the City is a cultural landscape caused by natural and non-natural elements with symptoms sufficiently large concentration of population and life style that is heterogeneous and materialistic than dengna area behind it.
b) according to Wirth, the City is a fairly large settlement, dense, and permanent, inhabited by people who heterogeneous social position.
c) According to Max Weber, a place where the inhabitants Kotaadalah localized to meet most needs in the local market economy.
Elements of Town
a) space is land and environment that is organized and used to build buildings and buildings such as offices, banks, stations, markets, cinemas, hospitals, shops, network traffic, recreation and sports, parking.
b) regulatory and administrative control kotaa include urban settings.
c) citizens who are residents of the bustling city filled in the field of education, the arts, commerce, culture, transport, shops, restaurants, health and others.
Characteristics city
a) The city is characteristic perkatoran buildings, shopping malls, perumuhan residents, schools, hospitals, places of recreation, places of worship, or a terminal station, the parking, sport facilities, water pipelines or cables.
b) social traits are non-agricultural livelihoods and heterogeneous, has a high population density, high mobility, social control laws and regulations are written, the nature geselchaf community groups, social status is not stable, there are many institutions and complex, and complex social stratification .
City functions as:
a) the service area behind the town or hinterland.
b) liaison between regional and inter-regional penguhubung behind.
c) processing industry, this function is usually terkosentrasi in or near a big city because public facilities are generally smooth while the small-town home industry.
d) sub-population centers are some of the residents living near the city center and some are trying to move his family kepinggir city and commute downtown to work, including commuters.
There are several istitilah located between the City and the villages namely: city = center / core of the city, sub-urban or Faubourgh is an area located close to the city center or core of the city with an area covering area commuters or commuter, sub-urban fringe is a transitional area between the city and village, located around the sub-urban, urban fringe is an area outside the city limits that have similar properties to the city unless the city core, urban fringe rural areas is the path that lies between the cities with desaa characterized by mixed land use, rural = rural.
B) Distinguishing the Village with the City Spatial Structure
1) Structure of Space Village. Is the spatial pattern of land use or land either planned or not direncakanan. Spatial Village is a residential area residents who use the environment for the survival of the villagers. Characteristic patterns of spatial villages include:
a) the use of land for agriculture and settlement. Most villagers farming the land village work was partly used for residential and the rest is processed into agricultural farming agriculture fisheries, plantation, plantations, livestock, forestry.
b) is a block of land horizontally (horizontal zoning) that land in the village is a block horizontally and created as an agricultural area. This is because the village land was vast and small population density.
c) home and the adjacent work. Villagers who live surrounding rice fields, the distance between the residence adjacent to the workplace, the low level of mobility.
d) agricultural intensification and extension systems. Pendudu kdesa to manage agricultural land by way of intensification and extensification. Villages adjacent to the city there is a small industry, craft industry that much, but his farm is more narrow, while the village is located far from the city of the vast agricultural land.
Concentric zone theory for agricultural production patterns proposed by Johann Henrich Von Thunen (Germany) in 1826, the city as a place of marketing of agricultural produce from villages or zones around the city so that zonenya marketing circles. Each zone produces certain plants and generate maximum profits differently. The transportation cost is directly proportional to the distance.The further from the big city transportation marketing and profits smaller.
Weakness von Thunen theory:
1) the advancement of transportation can save you time and money so rotten commodity risk can be reduced.
2) the various preservation bentu change the working transport, transfer and storage of commodities so that delivery to the market to further competition and raised.
3) farming industry in the country is now able to form production groups, independent full relationship with the city.
4) between consumers and producers have established businesses related to commodity marketing so that consumers do not directly receive from urban services.
U = H-(P + T)
U = Profit.
H = the sales price of the commodity.
P = cost of production.
T = cost of transportation to market.
2) Structure of Space City. The central location of activities or PDK (Regional Activity Center) in the city located in the core area of the city as the CBD (Central Business Districts) or Loo [(call Chicago). The central location of activities in the form of a beautifully constructed building that attracts visitors. Polak spatial location of activities or CBD (Central Business Districts) are:
a) shopping centers and trade. In the CBD (Central Business Districts) is a large shopping center store (department stores), grocery items vary, retail stores for daily necessities for the citizens of the city and outside the city.
b) central office, in the CBD (Central Business Districts) are government and private offices, trade marketing office or industry results and office services.
c) the building or developing in a vertical zone that land in the core area of the city CBD (Central Business Districts) constructed buildings and made the block.Forming a vertical zone with consideration: the price of land is expensive, as the center of activity and a variety of marketing, communication between the zone easier than the formation zone horizontally, network traffic and inter-zone communication can be done smoothly and on foot.
d) the function of buildings or zones vary. Path or zone in the CBD (Central Business Districts) is intended for trade, banks, big cinemas, hotelm horizon and elite housing, great shops, offices, entertainment and recreation. The building was built with the beautiful which attracts visitors. Visitors of this area is the middle class, many of the rich.
e) residential dwelling little people. Value of high land prices in the CBD (Central Business Districts) as the trade area locations CBD (Central Business Districts) which functioned for a little settlement. Therefore the CBD (Central Business Districts) busy during the day and evening but quiet at night.
f) there is no industry. What industry are outside the CBD (Central Business Districts) or on the edge of town, but to channel its production required a marketing office and warehouse specialists in the CBD (Central Business Districts).
There are several units of activity in the city also, among other things:
a) centralizing the activities of all units clustered at the main place that later became the PDK (Regional Activity Center) or CBD (Central Business Districts).
b) nucleation of new nuclei are formed as a unit of new activity over the Regional Activity Centre (PDK) or primary nucleus (CBD (Central Business Districts)) or the edge of the core area of the city. Cities that have a nucleus means that there are poly nucleus.
c) decentralization of the new nucleus unit activity or spread away from the main point. Shops which includes Primary Shopping Centers located in the core city, while Secondary Supermarket Shopping Centers or rather occupy in the membrane core of the city.
d) is a group of residential segregation are separated from each other because of differences in social, economic and cultural.
3) Distribution of settlement town. Residential city is always evolving and can change the structure of city land use due to centrifugal force and centripetal power in the city.
a) centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is a movement out of the population and many efforts resulting in the spread of human settlements and activities as well as the relocation sector and the city zone. The factors that drive centrifugal, among others: the city is not created Safe, Orderly, Fluent, Healthy (ATLAS), the establishment of new industries in the suburbs that are still vast empty land, land rent is cheaper than in the city center, in the city may not be held residential new building, housing in the city is generally not eligible, cramped, unsanitary, a resident wishes to move out of town.
b) centripetal power. Power is centripetal movement of the population into various business and human activities so as convergence occurs. The factors that drive the centripetal motion as follows: a strategic location for economic activity, the group of buildings similar functions, and good facilities, the recreation and sport, distance work close to home so choose a location in the city center.
3) the spatial pattern of urban theory, urban land is used for perdaganganm perkantoranm pertokoanm industry, parker, recreational, residential (low grade, medium, high). The spatial location at the mall there are three theories are:
a) Burgess Concentric theory. This theory is known as Concentric zoning model or the model proposed by E. W. Burgess 1923. Menjleaskan concentric theory that urban area extends evenly from the core of the city or the CBD (Central Business Districts), which can be divided into five zones and each zone was a circle with a specific function.
i) central zone activity area (PDK). This zone is enabled to trade, banks, a large movie theater, hotel, residential and elite horizon, large shopping malls, offices, places of entertainment and recreation. The building was built with the beautiful which attracts visitors. Visitors CBD (Central Business Districts), including the middle class, many of the rich and educated.
ii) the transition zone. This zone has an advanced targeting expansion of the Regional Activity Centre (PDK) is enabled sebgai hospitality, parking, shops.Therefore the inhabitants are unstable (quiet) both residential and social economy.
iii) residential zone proletariat. This zone has a low labor settlements, the little house is not so appealing. Zone is by Burgess called Working men's Home.
Iv) a middle-class residential zone. Zone is a residential complex of middle-class workers, they have a particular skill, better housing conditions than in the proletariat.
vi) commuter zone. This zone is called outer suburban housing (Harris Ullman), and commuter zone (Burness).
This area had entered the back area (hinterland), pendudukya work in the city, they went to town with a motor vehicle, bus, train in the morning and in the afternoon they returned to their homes.Cities in Indonesia a regular zoning system as a model konsentri difficult in the can, due to: limited capital, city planners least once, article submission to city development and city regulations are lacking, state transportation and transportation still do not meet the needs ..
b) theories sector. This theory is also known as sector model proposed by Homer Hoyt in 1939 based on the analysis of land use pattern 142 American cities, the use of urban land patterned radial (centrifugal). The growth of the city started from the central core of the CBD (Central Business Districts) to the land along the route used sefungsi, such as shopping malls, industrial land values with the other sectors of the different affected different functions. Because growing sectors along the main communication lines (major route) that the star berbentunk: central area activities (PDK), transport Large and Small Industries trading, settlement low class, middle-class residential, residential high-class.
c) dual core theory Harris and Ullman. This theory is called Multiple nuclei capital raised by C. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman, that the land use of the city evolved from some nucleus (core) separate and growing further encouraged by immigrants to the specificity of land use. The first zone is the central activity area, the second zone is a major trade and small industry, the third zone is a low-class settlements, the fourth zone is a middle class residential, fifth zone is a high class residential, heavy manufacturing zone is the sixth, seventh zone is an area beyond the centerRegional Events, eighth zone is sub-urban settlements and industrial zones ninth is sub-urban settlements.
C) Interaction Region Villages and Towns. Interaction city is a reciprocal process in nature and have an influence on the behavior of the parties concerned through direct contact with or heard the news through newspapers. It also said the interaction was contact or relationship between two or more areas that can cause symptoms or new problems. Interaction village to the city via land, sea, postal telecommunications. Progress rate nexus and network traffic affect the smoothness of the city.
(1) current forms of interaction between the three cities namely:
(A) migration is the movement or the movement of people from one place to another.
(B) transportation is the movement or the movement of objects or people from one place to another.
(C) the communication is the delivery or transfer of the message or something immaterial from a place (its message) to another (the recipient), such as news, ideas, science and more.
2) factors or conditions that affect the interaction of the city.
a) Koplementasi (complementary)
b) Transferability (ease of removal). Displacement humans, objects, or messages between the towns affected by the factors:
(1) harak absolute and relative distances between regions,
(2) the cost of transportation from one city or region to another city.
(3) the ease or smooth flow between regions or cities, for example, the state of relief, road, type of transport, means of communication used.
c) there is no other alternative. Another option would be a region or city that has the potential be the same or a new discovery as a potential replacement of existing. Both of these conditions affect the strength and weakness of the interaction of the city.
3) Benefits of the city interactions enhance socio-economic relations between cities or regions, improving technology experts across town or region, to meet the needs of residents across the city or region, causing the diversity of livelihoods.
(Source: Hasan, Nur. Geography High School Class XII. Surabaya: BintangKarya.)
A) Potential Development of Villages and Cities
1) Definition of the village. The village is mentioned in terms of geography, Prof.Drs. Bintarto, the village is a result of the integration between the activities of a group of humans and their environment. The result is a blend that form or kenampakkan on earth caused by Physiographic elements, social, economic, political, and kulturan interacting between these elements and also in relation to other areas dengna.
Elements Village:
a) The area, covering the land productive and unproductive, land use, location, area and boundaries of which are local geographic environment.
b) population, including number, accretion, density, distribution and livelihoods of local villagers.
c) the procedures concerning the life of the intricacies of village life. For example, patterns of social order, tradition.
Characteristics village consists of: agricultural livelihoods, work space in the open field, there are still many jobs depend on nature, home and workplace adjacent, low population density, social stratification is simpler and less, in other words the number of little social classes, mores as social control, the nature of high mutual assistance (Gemeinshaft), low mobility, social status is stable or relatively slow, homogeneous society.
2) The pattern of distribution of rural settlements
There is a village settlement patterns are:
a) pattern of clustered villages pemukumiman (Nucleated Village) is the concentration of villagers gather life form a group called the nucleus. This pattern was influenced by the following factors:
(1) is an area of fertile soil that has good soil clumped lure people to dwell.
(2) relief is not rude is that many low-lying areas inhabited by people.
(3) ground water in this area is the number of wells that we will get less and the number of centered around the well.
(4) Security not guarantee the security area, the population will live in groups.
b) The pattern of settlements stretching (line village) villagers are preparing their homes following the path of the beach, river or road lines and form a row of houses.
c) the pattern of settlements spread (open country village) villagers are choosing to build their own place or scattered in a farm until the possible existence of a trade, due to differences in production and needs. This pattern is also called trade center community. Settlements spread is influenced by the following factors:
(1) flood is a flood area can be a separation between residential areas between each other.
(2) the topography is rugged is this area settlements will spread.
(3) shallow groundwater wells are made easily everywhere so residential housing residents spread following the spread of the well.
3) Potential association was with the Village and Town Development
a) physical potential berupaL village
i) soil; most important factor for the agricultural livelihood.
ii) water, water for daily use and irrigation.
iii) climate; become an important role for agrarian villages.
iv) cattle as a source of energy, sources of food, sources of finance.
v) human as management, producers, and consumers.
b) non-physical potential villages include:
i) the villagers live in mutual cooperation is the production and build strength.
ii) a non-social, educational and other institutions that can provide social support and positive guidance.
iii) officials or village officials is the source of order the wheels smooth the village government.
Function village:
(1) The village as a conduit to the city in the form of food, trade, raw materials industry in particular agricultural industry, and human labor.
(2) as the center of the village of raw materials and manpower.
(3) in terms of the livelihood of the villagers, the village may be agricultural, manufacturing village, village industry, the fishing village.
(4) the village as a potential development.
The link between urban and rural areas both have dependency properties, among others:
(1) the city as a center of commerce (trade center) is the market production village, such as variations in agricultural output, outcome manuafaktur, and home industry.
(2) the town as a service center (service center) is the center of consumer goods or goods that are also needed by the villagers. For example, agricultural tools, light industrial results, the results of heavy industry.
(3) there is a city of education required by the villagers especially universities.
(4) the city as a place to obtain employment for the villagers.
4) Understanding the City. City called Urban (urban) means a form of agglomeration of the population that has the atmosphere of modern life and livelihood.
Some terms and restrictions set forth by the City of experts:
a) According to Professor Bintarto, the City is a cultural landscape caused by natural and non-natural elements with symptoms sufficiently large concentration of population and life style that is heterogeneous and materialistic than dengna area behind it.
b) according to Wirth, the City is a fairly large settlement, dense, and permanent, inhabited by people who heterogeneous social position.
c) According to Max Weber, a place where the inhabitants Kotaadalah localized to meet most needs in the local market economy.
Elements of Town
a) space is land and environment that is organized and used to build buildings and buildings such as offices, banks, stations, markets, cinemas, hospitals, shops, network traffic, recreation and sports, parking.
b) regulatory and administrative control kotaa include urban settings.
c) citizens who are residents of the bustling city filled in the field of education, the arts, commerce, culture, transport, shops, restaurants, health and others.
Characteristics city
a) The city is characteristic perkatoran buildings, shopping malls, perumuhan residents, schools, hospitals, places of recreation, places of worship, or a terminal station, the parking, sport facilities, water pipelines or cables.
b) social traits are non-agricultural livelihoods and heterogeneous, has a high population density, high mobility, social control laws and regulations are written, the nature geselchaf community groups, social status is not stable, there are many institutions and complex, and complex social stratification .
City functions as:
a) the service area behind the town or hinterland.
b) liaison between regional and inter-regional penguhubung behind.
c) processing industry, this function is usually terkosentrasi in or near a big city because public facilities are generally smooth while the small-town home industry.
d) sub-population centers are some of the residents living near the city center and some are trying to move his family kepinggir city and commute downtown to work, including commuters.
There are several istitilah located between the City and the villages namely: city = center / core of the city, sub-urban or Faubourgh is an area located close to the city center or core of the city with an area covering area commuters or commuter, sub-urban fringe is a transitional area between the city and village, located around the sub-urban, urban fringe is an area outside the city limits that have similar properties to the city unless the city core, urban fringe rural areas is the path that lies between the cities with desaa characterized by mixed land use, rural = rural.
B) Distinguishing the Village with the City Spatial Structure
1) Structure of Space Village. Is the spatial pattern of land use or land either planned or not direncakanan. Spatial Village is a residential area residents who use the environment for the survival of the villagers. Characteristic patterns of spatial villages include:
a) the use of land for agriculture and settlement. Most villagers farming the land village work was partly used for residential and the rest is processed into agricultural farming agriculture fisheries, plantation, plantations, livestock, forestry.
b) is a block of land horizontally (horizontal zoning) that land in the village is a block horizontally and created as an agricultural area. This is because the village land was vast and small population density.
c) home and the adjacent work. Villagers who live surrounding rice fields, the distance between the residence adjacent to the workplace, the low level of mobility.
d) agricultural intensification and extension systems. Pendudu kdesa to manage agricultural land by way of intensification and extensification. Villages adjacent to the city there is a small industry, craft industry that much, but his farm is more narrow, while the village is located far from the city of the vast agricultural land.
Concentric zone theory for agricultural production patterns proposed by Johann Henrich Von Thunen (Germany) in 1826, the city as a place of marketing of agricultural produce from villages or zones around the city so that zonenya marketing circles. Each zone produces certain plants and generate maximum profits differently. The transportation cost is directly proportional to the distance.The further from the big city transportation marketing and profits smaller.
Weakness von Thunen theory:
1) the advancement of transportation can save you time and money so rotten commodity risk can be reduced.
2) the various preservation bentu change the working transport, transfer and storage of commodities so that delivery to the market to further competition and raised.
3) farming industry in the country is now able to form production groups, independent full relationship with the city.
4) between consumers and producers have established businesses related to commodity marketing so that consumers do not directly receive from urban services.
U = H-(P + T)
U = Profit.
H = the sales price of the commodity.
P = cost of production.
T = cost of transportation to market.
2) Structure of Space City. The central location of activities or PDK (Regional Activity Center) in the city located in the core area of the city as the CBD (Central Business Districts) or Loo [(call Chicago). The central location of activities in the form of a beautifully constructed building that attracts visitors. Polak spatial location of activities or CBD (Central Business Districts) are:
a) shopping centers and trade. In the CBD (Central Business Districts) is a large shopping center store (department stores), grocery items vary, retail stores for daily necessities for the citizens of the city and outside the city.
b) central office, in the CBD (Central Business Districts) are government and private offices, trade marketing office or industry results and office services.
c) the building or developing in a vertical zone that land in the core area of the city CBD (Central Business Districts) constructed buildings and made the block.Forming a vertical zone with consideration: the price of land is expensive, as the center of activity and a variety of marketing, communication between the zone easier than the formation zone horizontally, network traffic and inter-zone communication can be done smoothly and on foot.
d) the function of buildings or zones vary. Path or zone in the CBD (Central Business Districts) is intended for trade, banks, big cinemas, hotelm horizon and elite housing, great shops, offices, entertainment and recreation. The building was built with the beautiful which attracts visitors. Visitors of this area is the middle class, many of the rich.
e) residential dwelling little people. Value of high land prices in the CBD (Central Business Districts) as the trade area locations CBD (Central Business Districts) which functioned for a little settlement. Therefore the CBD (Central Business Districts) busy during the day and evening but quiet at night.
f) there is no industry. What industry are outside the CBD (Central Business Districts) or on the edge of town, but to channel its production required a marketing office and warehouse specialists in the CBD (Central Business Districts).
There are several units of activity in the city also, among other things:
a) centralizing the activities of all units clustered at the main place that later became the PDK (Regional Activity Center) or CBD (Central Business Districts).
b) nucleation of new nuclei are formed as a unit of new activity over the Regional Activity Centre (PDK) or primary nucleus (CBD (Central Business Districts)) or the edge of the core area of the city. Cities that have a nucleus means that there are poly nucleus.
c) decentralization of the new nucleus unit activity or spread away from the main point. Shops which includes Primary Shopping Centers located in the core city, while Secondary Supermarket Shopping Centers or rather occupy in the membrane core of the city.
d) is a group of residential segregation are separated from each other because of differences in social, economic and cultural.
3) Distribution of settlement town. Residential city is always evolving and can change the structure of city land use due to centrifugal force and centripetal power in the city.
a) centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is a movement out of the population and many efforts resulting in the spread of human settlements and activities as well as the relocation sector and the city zone. The factors that drive centrifugal, among others: the city is not created Safe, Orderly, Fluent, Healthy (ATLAS), the establishment of new industries in the suburbs that are still vast empty land, land rent is cheaper than in the city center, in the city may not be held residential new building, housing in the city is generally not eligible, cramped, unsanitary, a resident wishes to move out of town.
b) centripetal power. Power is centripetal movement of the population into various business and human activities so as convergence occurs. The factors that drive the centripetal motion as follows: a strategic location for economic activity, the group of buildings similar functions, and good facilities, the recreation and sport, distance work close to home so choose a location in the city center.
3) the spatial pattern of urban theory, urban land is used for perdaganganm perkantoranm pertokoanm industry, parker, recreational, residential (low grade, medium, high). The spatial location at the mall there are three theories are:
a) Burgess Concentric theory. This theory is known as Concentric zoning model or the model proposed by E. W. Burgess 1923. Menjleaskan concentric theory that urban area extends evenly from the core of the city or the CBD (Central Business Districts), which can be divided into five zones and each zone was a circle with a specific function.
i) central zone activity area (PDK). This zone is enabled to trade, banks, a large movie theater, hotel, residential and elite horizon, large shopping malls, offices, places of entertainment and recreation. The building was built with the beautiful which attracts visitors. Visitors CBD (Central Business Districts), including the middle class, many of the rich and educated.
ii) the transition zone. This zone has an advanced targeting expansion of the Regional Activity Centre (PDK) is enabled sebgai hospitality, parking, shops.Therefore the inhabitants are unstable (quiet) both residential and social economy.
iii) residential zone proletariat. This zone has a low labor settlements, the little house is not so appealing. Zone is by Burgess called Working men's Home.
Iv) a middle-class residential zone. Zone is a residential complex of middle-class workers, they have a particular skill, better housing conditions than in the proletariat.
vi) commuter zone. This zone is called outer suburban housing (Harris Ullman), and commuter zone (Burness).
This area had entered the back area (hinterland), pendudukya work in the city, they went to town with a motor vehicle, bus, train in the morning and in the afternoon they returned to their homes.Cities in Indonesia a regular zoning system as a model konsentri difficult in the can, due to: limited capital, city planners least once, article submission to city development and city regulations are lacking, state transportation and transportation still do not meet the needs ..
b) theories sector. This theory is also known as sector model proposed by Homer Hoyt in 1939 based on the analysis of land use pattern 142 American cities, the use of urban land patterned radial (centrifugal). The growth of the city started from the central core of the CBD (Central Business Districts) to the land along the route used sefungsi, such as shopping malls, industrial land values with the other sectors of the different affected different functions. Because growing sectors along the main communication lines (major route) that the star berbentunk: central area activities (PDK), transport Large and Small Industries trading, settlement low class, middle-class residential, residential high-class.
c) dual core theory Harris and Ullman. This theory is called Multiple nuclei capital raised by C. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman, that the land use of the city evolved from some nucleus (core) separate and growing further encouraged by immigrants to the specificity of land use. The first zone is the central activity area, the second zone is a major trade and small industry, the third zone is a low-class settlements, the fourth zone is a middle class residential, fifth zone is a high class residential, heavy manufacturing zone is the sixth, seventh zone is an area beyond the centerRegional Events, eighth zone is sub-urban settlements and industrial zones ninth is sub-urban settlements.
C) Interaction Region Villages and Towns. Interaction city is a reciprocal process in nature and have an influence on the behavior of the parties concerned through direct contact with or heard the news through newspapers. It also said the interaction was contact or relationship between two or more areas that can cause symptoms or new problems. Interaction village to the city via land, sea, postal telecommunications. Progress rate nexus and network traffic affect the smoothness of the city.
(1) current forms of interaction between the three cities namely:
(A) migration is the movement or the movement of people from one place to another.
(B) transportation is the movement or the movement of objects or people from one place to another.
(C) the communication is the delivery or transfer of the message or something immaterial from a place (its message) to another (the recipient), such as news, ideas, science and more.
2) factors or conditions that affect the interaction of the city.
a) Koplementasi (complementary)
b) Transferability (ease of removal). Displacement humans, objects, or messages between the towns affected by the factors:
(1) harak absolute and relative distances between regions,
(2) the cost of transportation from one city or region to another city.
(3) the ease or smooth flow between regions or cities, for example, the state of relief, road, type of transport, means of communication used.
c) there is no other alternative. Another option would be a region or city that has the potential be the same or a new discovery as a potential replacement of existing. Both of these conditions affect the strength and weakness of the interaction of the city.
3) Benefits of the city interactions enhance socio-economic relations between cities or regions, improving technology experts across town or region, to meet the needs of residents across the city or region, causing the diversity of livelihoods.
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